Telugu History · Updates & corrections

Open data: the public-domain sources as a free dataset

Wed, 14 Oct 2026 23:30:00 GMT

The text of 529 public-domain books and documents used on this site (165,540 pages and 277,360 passages, with links to the scans and a list of every source) is now a free dataset on Hugging Face, under CC0. It is linked from the Sources page and the Learn page.

Telugu History is open

Wed, 14 Oct 2026 23:00:00 GMT

The site is out of preview: search engines may now list it, and the review banner is replaced by a short note inviting readers to report mistakes. A check of every link in all 5,720 pages found none broken.

Vengi era: when written Telugu begins; Ask an AI works offline

Wed, 14 Oct 2026 22:30:00 GMT

The Vengi era page said that Telugu as a written language first appears in that period, which starts in 624, yet its own example is from about 575. It now says that the first inscriptions written wholly in Telugu come from just before the period, and adds what the 1956 editors wrote: earlier Pallava records already contain Telugu words. Also, the Ask an AI page now builds its prompt offline in the app, from the saved search data. Before: Telugu as a written language first appears in this period (624 onwards), with the Kalamalla pillar of about 575 as the first example. Now: The first inscriptions written wholly in Telugu come from just before this period: the Kalamalla pillar of about 575, which the 1956 editors called the first complete inscription in Telugu then known; earlier Pallava records already contain Telugu words.

Eastern Chalukyas & the Deccan powers

Learn is now the door to every study tool

Wed, 14 Oct 2026 22:00:00 GMT

The Learn page now gathers everything for study: the course on reading inscriptions (now at Learn, then Learn to read inscriptions), the reading guides, the glossary, the practice quiz and Ask an AI with our sources. Learn stays highlighted in the menu on all of these pages.

Zoom into every map; maps on the new theme pages

Wed, 14 Oct 2026 21:30:00 GMT

Every map on the site can now be zoomed: use the + and − buttons, pinch on a phone, or Ctrl and the mouse wheel, and drag to move around. Places spread apart as you zoom while their dots and names stay readable, and names hidden at full view appear when there is room. A new map shows the rivers, tanks, anicuts and the Kurnool–Cuddapah canal, with its points checked against Wikidata. The pages on how the map changed, land and water, rivers, water works and historic regions now show their maps inside the text.

Rivers and water works, How the map changed, Land, rivers and water

Ask an AI with our sources

Wed, 14 Oct 2026 21:00:00 GMT

A new page builds a ready prompt for any AI chat, such as ChatGPT, Claude or Gemini, from a question you type. It finds the passages on our site that match the question, with their footnotes, and tells the AI to answer only from them and to cite them. Copy the prompt and paste it into the AI you use. Nothing is sent to us; it works in English and Telugu, and in the app.

Small fixes: empty button on Search, Level box in Which came first?

Wed, 14 Oct 2026 20:30:00 GMT

The Search page no longer shows an empty button where offline search is not available, and the quiz no longer shows the Level box in the Which came first? round.

Land, rivers and water

Wed, 14 Oct 2026 20:00:00 GMT

How the land shaped Telugu history: new pages on the coast, the Eastern Ghats and the Deccan plateau; on the Godavari, Krishna, Tungabhadra, Musi and Penna rivers and Kolleru lake; on tanks and anicuts from the Kakatiyas to the Kurnool–Cuddapah canal; on the old country names such as Vengi, Kammanadu, Pakanadu and Renadu; and on the famines, floods and cyclones of 1791–1908. A new page on the Krishna anicut at Vijayawada (1852–1855).

Land, rivers and water, Rivers of the Telugu country, Water works in Telugu history, Famines, floods and cyclones, Old names of regions, Krishna anicut

Search can now work offline in the app

Wed, 14 Oct 2026 19:30:00 GMT

In the installed app, the Search page has a button that saves the whole search index of your language (about 12 MB in English, 14 MB in Telugu) once, so that search works without an internet connection. The app updates it when the site changes. Lists such as people, places and inscriptions already work offline once saved.

Legislatures, and how the map changed, 1766–2014

Wed, 14 Oct 2026 19:00:00 GMT

Two new pages: the legislatures and governments of the Telugu districts from 1952 to 2014 (the Hyderabad, Madras and Andhra assemblies, the Andhra Pradesh Assembly and Council, chief ministers and President's rule, as official and scholarly sources give them), and how the borders and districts changed from the Circars of 1766 and the Ceded Districts of 1800 to the division of 2014. A new map marks the districts formed between 1953 and 1979. A table of general elections will follow when official figures for the later elections are found.

Legislatures & government, 1952–2014, How the map changed, New districts of Andhra Pradesh (1953–1979)

Sources: Pratapa Reddy's social history is cite-only

Wed, 14 Oct 2026 18:30:00 GMT

Suravaram Pratapa Reddy's Andhrula Sanghika Charitra (1949) was listed under Public domain in India. It is not a government work, so under our licence rule it is summarised and cited, not reproduced; the Sources page now lists it that way, and the one short phrase quoted from it on the Daily life page is now in our own words.

Daily life & festivals, Suravaram Pratapa Reddy

Practice quiz: 608 questions, and Which came first?

Wed, 14 Oct 2026 18:00:00 GMT

The new Practice quiz draws questions at random from a pool of 608, by the topics and level you choose: sections, eras or dynasties, from basic to detail. Every question is built only from the At a glance points of our pages, so after each answer you see the point it comes from, with its sources and a link to the page. A second round, Which came first?, asks which of two kingdoms began to rule first, using the dates on our timeline. Mistakes are kept on your device for a practice round. The quiz works in English and Telugu, and offline in the app. In passing, five Telugu glance points now write the old name Telingana as తెలింగాణ.

Firuz Shah, Mahmud Gawan, Malik Hasan Bahri, Malik Maqbul (Khan-i Jahan)

Telugu History is now part of Open Telugu

Wed, 14 Oct 2026 17:00:00 GMT

Open Telugu (opentelugu.org) is the new home of our free, source-based websites on the Telugu land: Telugu History and Kakatiya (kakatiya.info), with a library and a records site planned. The foot of every page now links to it.

A glossary of 433 terms and 14 reading guides

Wed, 14 Oct 2026 16:00:00 GMT

The new Glossary lists 433 special words used on the site, such as revenue terms, titles, parts of a temple, coins and eras, each with its meaning as our pages explain it and links to those pages, in English and Telugu. The new Reading guides are 14 paths through the site, each taking one subject in order, a page at a time, from the kingdoms of the Telugu land to reading inscriptions. Both are linked from the Learn page and the foot of every page.

Install Telugu History as an app, and read offline

Wed, 14 Oct 2026 15:00:00 GMT

The site can now be installed on a phone or computer as an app: use the Install the app button at the foot of any page, or Add to Home Screen on an iPhone. Pages you open are kept on the device and still open without an internet connection. On the people, places, monuments, inscriptions and dynasties lists, a button saves all the pages shown (after any search or filter) for offline reading.

18 footnote links now open the right page

Wed, 14 Oct 2026 14:00:00 GMT

A check of every footnote link against the scanned books found links that opened a page one to three pages away from the page they cite. 18 of them, on 16 pages, were confirmed by the printed page number and by the text of the page, and now open the right page. The page numbers in the footnotes were already right. The rest are being checked by eye.

The Learn to read inscriptions course in Telugu

Wed, 14 Oct 2026 13:00:00 GMT

All 13 lessons of the Learn to read inscriptions course can now be read in Telugu. Letter forms, transliterations, numbers and footnotes are as in the English lessons. On every lesson the notes and sources now fold under Notes and Sources at the end, as on the other pages, and a note number shows its note when you point at it or tap it.

Search and filters on the section pages

Wed, 14 Oct 2026 12:00:00 GMT

The people, places, monuments, inscriptions and dynasties pages now have a search box and filters: by period, by role for people, and by dynasty, region, type, language or material where they apply. The Sources page and the Maps page have a search box, and the timeline has a box to find a kingdom: matching bars stay bright and Enter opens the first one. Searches work in English and Telugu and are kept in the page address, so they can be shared. On phones the filters fold under a Filters button, which shows how many are on.

At a glance boxes on 215 inscription pages

Wed, 14 Oct 2026 10:00:00 GMT

215 inscription pages now open with an At a glance box of three or four main points, in English and Telugu: what the record is, where it was found and published, who issued it, what it records and why historians use it. Each point sums up cited sentences already on the page and carries their footnote numbers. Every page of 300 words or more now has a box.

Konkuduru plates of Allaya Dodda (1431), Srirangam inscription of Prataparudra, Kanteru plates of the Salankayanas

At a glance boxes on 348 more pages

Wed, 14 Oct 2026 09:00:00 GMT

348 more people, place, monument, dynasty and era pages now open with an At a glance box of three to five main points, in English and Telugu. Each point sums up cited sentences already on the page and carries their footnote numbers.

Gam Gantam Dora, Panugallu (Panagal), Pakhal Lake, Vishnugopa (Pallava crown prince)

Shorter lists in the timeline panel

Wed, 14 Oct 2026 00:30:00 GMT

When you open a power on the timeline, its lists of rulers, capitals, monuments and inscriptions now show the first six items. The rest open with "… and N more". The heading shows how many there are in all.

Translators' queries, third list: 36 English passages checked against their sources

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 23:00:00 GMT

The Telugu translators flagged a third set of English sentences, mostly on inscription pages, that were unclear, uncited or did not match their sources. Each was checked against the cited page. Most fixes add a missing footnote, explain a word or make clear who a sentence is about. On the pages below the meaning changed: a summary said more than its sources, two sources that differ are now set side by side, an identification now names who made it, or an uncited remark was removed. Before: The page gave Krishna Sastri's reading (building work in 1557–58, before the battle of 1565) and the gazetteer's account (repairs after Tirumala took the throne in 1568) in separate sections, without saying that they differ. It also mixed the spellings Channappa and Chennappa. Now: A new section, Where the sources disagree, sets the two dates side by side. The page explains that Krishna Sastri spells the name Channappa, Rangacharya Chennappa and Sewell Chinnappa. Before: The page said that the Aminabad inscription names the tank Santana-sagara, as if the record itself settled that it was the Phirangipuram tank. Now: It says that Ramayya calls the tank Santana-sagara and Rangacharya's list Santana-varidhi, and that it was Ramayya who concluded that the two inscriptions refer to the same tank. Before: The page gave only the 1917 report's distance: about thirty-five miles south-east of Hyderabad. Now: It adds that Alladi Jagannatha Sastri (1922) put Rachakonda thirty-two miles east of Hyderabad. The Rachakonda place page now gives the 1917 figure as well. Before: The page said that the date of about 260 used on the site was an approximation based on Sircar's first reconstruction. Now: That uncited remark is removed. The page gives Sircar's two reconstructions (about 255–75, and about 265–335) as he gives them. Before: The summary said that the grant shows the Gajapatis back on the Gundlakamma river after the Bahmani conquests of the 1470s. Now: It says what the body and the editor say: Barnett read the grant as evidence that by 1489 Purushottama had won back much of the Telugu country lost to the Bahmani sultan Muhammad Shah. Before: The summary listed the Polavasa chiefs among his feudatories in Telangana. Now: The summary names only the feudatories the page sets out: the Kakatiyas Beta II and Prola II and the Choda chiefs of Kandur. Before: The page quoted the gazetteer's phrase "the Flodden of the Rajputs of Vizianagram" without explaining it. Now: It names the seven Rajput families who, the gazetteer says, "all left their dead on the field", explains that Flodden was a battle fought in Europe in 1513, and says that the gazetteer took the passage from Carmichael's district manual of 1869. Before: The summary said that the grant gives a village to three Brahmin brothers. Now: It gives the village to three Brahmin brothers and two other men, Adityasvamin and Nagakumara, as the body already said. Before: The page quoted Hultzsch's dates for Vimaladitya, 1015 to 1022, without saying that the Ranastipundi grant later fixed his coronation in 1011. Now: A new section, Where the sources disagree, sets Hultzsch's dates beside Venkayya's coronation date of 10 May 1011 and his explanation of the difference. Before: The summary said that the inscription describes Arikesari II's part in the fall of the Rashtrakuta Govinda IV. Now: The inscription says that Arikesari destroyed an army sent against him by Govindaraja. The page now says that its editor, N. Venkataramanayya, took Govindaraja to be Govinda IV and thought this defeat sealed his fate. Before: The page stated, without a footnote, that the builder Musa Khan was the chamberlain and general of Abdullah Qutb Shah. Now: It says that this identification is Bilgrami's, who calls Musa Khan the mahaldar (chamberlain) and both a minister and a general of the king. Before: The summary called Imroze an Urdu newspaper. Now: No source used gives the paper's language. The summary now calls it a nationalist newspaper, as Regani does. Before: The summary said that he was arrested in 1928, 1930, 1932 and 1942. Now: The source gives no year for his first arrest. The summary now says that he was arrested during the boycott of the Simon Commission and again in 1930, 1932 and 1942. Before: The page and its summary said that the Uruvupalli grant was the first Pallava charter of the Telugu country (of the Nellore–Guntur country) to be published. Now: That uncited claim is removed. The page says that J. F. Fleet edited the grant in 1876 from Sir Walter Elliot's facsimile. Before: The page said that Robert Sewell and H. Luders had taken Nuniz's Symamdary for Rajahmundry. Now: Only Sewell's identification is recorded in the sources checked, so Luders is removed. The page adds the gazetteer's reason for preferring Simhachalam: Nuniz's distance of "a hundred leagues" from Kondapalli.

Penukonda inscription of Channappa Nayudu (1577), Phirangipuram pillar inscription of Peda Komati Vema (1410), Rachakonda mosque inscription, Rachakonda, Nagarjunakonda inscriptions of Chamtisiri, Potavaram grant of Purushottama (1489), Vikramaditya VI, Vijayarama Raju II of Vizianagaram, Satara grant of Vishnuvardhana I, Srikurmam inscriptions of the Chalukya chiefs, Vemulavada inscription of Arikesari II, Toli Masjid inscription (1671), Shoebullah Khan, Pattabhi Sitaramayya, Uruvupalli grant of Vishnugopavarman, Simhachalam inscriptions of Krishnadeva Raya (1516–1519)

Every page is now in Telugu

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 22:30:00 GMT

All 978 pages of the site can now be read in full in Telugu, including the new freedom-struggle and Kotilingala pages. Every Telugu page was checked against its English page by a script for every footnote, link, date and figure. Old place names in brackets are now written in Telugu script throughout (for example విశాఖపట్నం (అప్పుడు విజాగపటం)).

Chakali Ilamma, Doddi Komaraiah, Reform, freedom & people's movements, Pattabhi Sitaramayya

Freedom struggle, part 3: the Telangana armed struggle

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 21:50:00 GMT

Nine new pages on the Telangana armed struggle: Chakali Ilamma, Doddi Komaraiah, Bandagi, Vattikota Alwar Swamy, Renukunta Rami Reddy, V. Prabhakar Rao, Gottimukkala Gopal Reddy, D. Seshagiri Rao and Devulapalli Venkateswara Rao. The movements page has two new sections: the attacks on villages in 1947–48 (Iza, Bibinagar, Meenabolu, Renukunta, Gundrampalli, Kootigal, Behrampalli, Bhairanpally and Patarlapahad), with each date and figure attributed to its source, and the people's committees and the end of the struggle in 1951, with the Communist and the government figures side by side. New sources: the accounts of P. Sundarayya (1973) and Devulapalli Venkateswara Rao (1988), both leaders of the struggle, which are cited by name.

Chakali Ilamma, Doddi Komaraiah, Renukunta Rami Reddy, Reform, freedom & people's movements

Kotilingala and the kings before the Satavahanas

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 21:30:00 GMT

New pages on Kotilingala on the Godavari, where, according to its excavation report, the earliest inscribed coins of the Deccan were found, on the nearby sites of Peddabankur and Dhulikatta, and on the coin kings Gobhada and Samagopa. Simuka's only known coins come from Kotilingala. The pages set out whether these local kings ruled before the Satavahanas, under them or beside them. Before: The page said that no inscription or coin of Simuka was known from the Telugu country in its sources. Now: It says that no inscription of Simuka is known there, but that his coins, spelt Chhimuka, were reported from Kotilingala in Karimnagar district and identified by P. V. Parabrahma Sastry in 1978. The list of dates adds Shastri's mid-1st-century BCE start and Lodaya's date of about 52 BCE. Before: The Telangana section said that none of the page's sources recorded a Satavahana inscription or coin find from the Telangana districts. Now: It says that the older sources record none, then adds the coins of Simuka, Satakarni I and King Satavahana from Kotilingala and the silver coin of Sivasri Pulumavi from Dhulikatta. The chronology table and the open questions add Shastri's mid-1st-century BCE start and the debate on the Kotilingala kings.

Kotilingala, Peddabankur, Dhulikatta, Gobhada, Samagopa

Freedom struggle, part 2: 18 more freedom fighters; Telugu pages nearly complete

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 20:50:00 GMT

18 new pages on the freedom struggle. The hill risings: Gam Mallu Dora and Gam Gantam Dora of the Rampa rising of 1922–24, Chandrayya and Karam Tammanna Dora of the Rampa rebellion of 1879–80, and Ramji Gond of the Nirmal rising of 1860. The Andhra districts: N. G. Ranga, Kala Venkata Rao, Nyapathi Subba Rao, Tenneti Viswanatham, Durgabai Deshmukh, Kakani Venkataratnam, Cherukuvada Venkata Narasimham, Gora, Anne Anjayya and Vemuri Ramji Rao. Telangana: Puchalapalli Sundarayya, Komaragiri Narayana Rao and Arutla Lakshminarasimha Reddy. New sources: the Who's Who of the House of the People and of the Council of States (1952). Ravi Narayana Reddy's page adds his dates and offices from the 1952 Who's Who. In Telugu, 945 of 946 pages can now be read in full. Before: Later in the decade, she writes, he was among the Andhra leaders who favoured dominion status. Now: In the mid-1920s, she writes, he was among the Andhra leaders who favoured dominion status.

Gam Mallu Dora, Ramji Gond, N. G. Ranga, Puchalapalli Sundarayya, Durgabai Deshmukh

Epigraphy report publication date corrected

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 20:40:00 GMT

The title page dates the South Indian Epigraphy report for 1932–33 to 1936. The source registry and citations in four articles now agree with it. Before: The source registry gave 1934 and the article's footnotes gave c. 1935 as the report's publication year. Now: The registry and the affected English and Telugu footnotes give 1936, as printed on the title page. Under the project's licence rule, the registry labels this Indian government work Public domain in India.

Haihayas of Kona and Palnadu, Mallideva of Kona, Gurazala, Macherla

Telugu pages: 939 now

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 20:30:00 GMT

939 of about 946 pages can now be read in full in Telugu, including all 228 inscriptions and all but a few people pages.

Simhachalam inscriptions of Krishnadeva Raya (1516–1519), Tikkana Somayaji, Vemana

Translators' queries, second list: 40 English passages checked against their sources

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 20:20:00 GMT

The Telugu translators and the clean-up passes flagged a second set of English sentences that were unclear, uncited or did not match their sources. Each was checked against the cited page. Most fixes add a missing footnote, make clear who or what a sentence is about, explain a word, or fix a wrong link. On the pages below the meaning changed: a summary said more than its sources, two sources that differ are now set side by side in Where the sources disagree, an identification now names who made it, or an uncited remark was removed. Before: The page said, after the Cuddapah gazetteer, that as late as 1694 the Nawab of Arcot appointed the governor of the Sidhout country, without remark. Now: It adds that Gribble's chronology names him "Sadoolla Khan of Arcot", while Wilks dates Saadatullah Khan's appointment as Nawab to 1713 (Orme to 1710). A new point in Where the sources disagree sets these side by side. Before: The page said only that the Imperial Gazetteer dates a march of Haidar against Kurnool to 1755, years before he ruled Mysore. Now: It adds that the gazetteer itself places the march before Haidar "usurped the Mysore throne", and that the Kurnool manual dates his attack on Munawwar Khan to about 1775 and Wilks his levy on Kurnool to 1769. A new section, Where the sources disagree, sets out the three dates. Before: The summary said that Telugu records call him Ibharama or Malikibharama. Now: Telugu records call him Ibharama. Malikibharama comes from a Sanskrit copper-plate grant from Nellore, which Butterworth edited in 1905. Before: The page called the Nizam killed at Lakkireddipalle Muzaffar Jang and placed his march in 1751, without saying that the Kurnool manual calls him Mir J'afar Jang and dates his setting out to 4 January 1752. Now: It now gives the manual's name for him and sets the manual's date of 4 January 1752 beside its own date of 15 March 1751 for the storming of Kurnool after his death. Before: The summary called Bijapur a city in the north of present Karnataka, outside the Telugu country, which the body and its sources do not say. Now: The summary places it as the body does, on the dry plateau between the Bhima and the Krishna, about 240 miles south-east of Bombay, and gives Cousens's date of 1489 for Yusuf Adil Khan's independence. Before: The page called the Telugu Mahabharata a 12th-century work. Now: It says that Burnell dated it to the twelfth century, and a new section, Where the sources disagree, adds that the Andhra Historical Research Society put its author Nannaya at the court of Rajaraja Narendra and the Kistna manual put him at Rajahmundry in the eleventh century. Before: The page said, without a footnote, that the battle of 1760 decided a war between the Peshwa and the Nizam, whose dominions included Telangana. It gave Grant Duff's and the Imperial Gazetteer's troop figures without remark. Now: It quotes the Imperial Gazetteer: a great battle was fought there, and the Nizam was forced to accept the Marathas' terms of peace. A new section, Where the sources disagree, sets the two sets of troop figures side by side. Before: The page gave 1639, 1612 and 1642 for the loss of Kolar, and 1757 and 1755 for the Maratha conquest, in its narrative only. Now: A new section, Where the sources disagree, sets out both sets of dates, each with its source. Before: The page gave Sewell's date of 25 December 1564 and Haig's 24 December for the start of the allies' march without remark. Now: A new section, Where the sources disagree, sets the two accounts side by side: Sewell has the armies meet on the plains of Bijapur and march on 25 December, Haig has them gather at Sholapur on 12 December and march to Talikota on 24 December. Before: The page said that E. Hultzsch had earlier pointed to a village "Potapi" in Pullampet taluk, citing a note in H. Lüders's article. Now: It says that the note in Lüders's article of 1903 is signed "E. H.", the initials of Hultzsch, who edited that volume of Epigraphia Indica. Before: The page gave 1801 (the Imperial Gazetteer and the Nellore manual) and 1800 (Brown) for the British taking over Nellore without remark. Now: A new section, Where the sources disagree, sets the two dates side by side. Before: The page said, after the Imperial Gazetteer, that the British took over Bhadrachalam and Rekapalli at the time of Salar Jang's settlement of 1858. Now: A new section, Where the sources disagree, adds that the Godavari gazetteer says the tract became British in 1860, and that the Madras administration manual dates the treaty of cession to 26 December 1860. Before: The summary called the plates the earliest dated record of Gajapati rule at Kondavidu after the Reddis. Now: The summary now says that a pillar inscription of the same Ganadeva at Chintapallipadu is a year older, of April 1454, as the body already said. Before: The summary called it the earliest dated record of the Kandur Chodas in the Telangana collections. Now: That claim, which no cited source makes, is removed. The summary gives instead P. V. Parabrahma Sastry's identification of Tondarasa with the Kandur Choda Tondaya II. Before: The page said, without a footnote, that the mosque is one of the few dated buildings of the Mughal governors of Haidarabad. Now: The sentence is removed: Bilgrami, the page's source, does not say it. Before: The page called Mubariz-ud-daula, imprisoned in Golconda fort after the Wahhabi enquiry of 1839, the Nizam's brother, that is, Nasir-ud-daula's. Now: Mudiraj and Campbell call him a brother of the late Nizam Sikandar Jah, Nasir-ud-daula's father, and the page now says so. Before: The summary said that his officers held Sidhout in 1694. Now: It says, as the body does, that a chronology of Sidhout has him take the place himself in 1694 and appoint its fort commander, years before he became Nawab. The body now names the officer he defeated, Meer Jumla, as Gribble does.

Nawabs of Cuddapah, Haidar Ali, Ibrahim Qutb Shah, Lakkireddipalle, Bijapur (Vijayapura), Vengi (Pedavegi), Udgir, Punganur, Talikota, Pottapi, Nellore, Palvancha, Kondavidu plates of Ganadeva (1455), Kolanupaka inscription of Tondarasa, Kali Masjid inscription of Rustam Dil Khan (1702), Nasir-ud-daula (Asaf Jah IV), Saadatullah Khan

Timeline: Ikshvaku rule in Telangana now starts about 225

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 20:10:00 GMT

The timeline bar for the Ikshvakus in Telangana started about 210, earlier than the dynasty page and the Coastal Andhra bar (about 225), and no cited source gave 210. It now starts about 225, like the rest of the site. Before: Ikshvakus, Telangana: about 210–352. Now: Ikshvakus, Telangana: about 225–352.

Telugu pages: 876 now

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 20:00:00 GMT

More pages are in Telugu: 876 of about 946, with 335 people and 181 of the 228 inscriptions. Only the last people pages, the last inscriptions and the new freedom-struggle pages are still to come.

Radhanpur plates of Govinda III, Ramatirtham plates of Indravarman, Polamuru plates of Madhavavarman Janashraya

Telugu pages: 801 now

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 19:50:00 GMT

More pages are in Telugu: 801 of about 946, with 293 people (now up to Tanguturi Prakasam, among them Rudramadevi, Shivaji, Srinatha, Salar Jung I and Swami Ramananda Tirtha) and 148 inscriptions.

Rudramadevi, Srinatha, Shivaji, Swami Ramananda Tirtha

Telugu pages: 713 now, with every place; Telingana and Telangana kept apart

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 19:40:00 GMT

A large batch: 713 pages are now in Telugu, including all 210 places, 259 people and the first 94 inscriptions, besides every era, theme, monument and dynasty. The Telugu pages now keep apart two names the English keeps apart: Telingana, the old name used by the Persian chroniclers for the Telugu country and later for a Bahmani and Qutb Shahi province, is written తెలింగాణ; today's Telangana is written తెలంగాణ. Some earlier Telugu pages had used తెలంగాణ for both, and 24 pages were corrected.

Warangal, Nellore, Rudradeva, Firuz Shah

Translators' queries: 42 English passages checked against their sources

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 19:30:00 GMT

The Telugu translators flagged English sentences that were unclear, uncited or did not match their sources. Each was checked against the cited page. Most fixes add the missing footnote, name who makes an identification, or tidy the style. On the pages below the meaning changed: a figure or date that the source does not give was dropped, a disputed point was moved to Where the sources disagree, or an uncited remark was removed. Before: The page gave Vadivelu's date for the battle of Tammadapalle as "1205 of the Hijra, or 1787 A. D." and the manual's as Hijri 1203 (1790), without remark. Now: It adds that neither book's Hijri year matches its Christian year: by Sewell and Dikshit's tables, Hijri 1205 began on 10 September 1790 and Hijri 1203 on 2 October 1788. Before: The summary said that, according to the Telugu account translated by C. P. Brown, he replaced his uncle Mohsin Khan. Now: The Telugu account says only that he became ruler when the Nawab Mohsin Khan left. It is Gribble who says he followed his uncle, whom Gribble calls Mahasim Khan. Before: The page gave Gribble's view that he had stopped ruling before 1732 and, separately, Brown's date for his death in 1747 after an eleven-year rule, without noting that the two do not agree. Now: A new section, Where the sources disagree, sets the two side by side, with the gazetteer's start date of 1714 and its later Nawab of the same name defeated in 1740. Before: The Date section said, without a footnote, that the door inscription does not name the king, while the opening quoted Yazdani's 1918–19 report saying the inscription shows that Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah built the mosque. Now: The sentence now names Yazdani's edition in Epigraphia Indo-Moslemica as its source, and a new section, Where the sources disagree, sets his two descriptions side by side. Before: In October 1956 a corpus of Telangana inscriptions was published by the Government of Andhra Pradesh (a state formed only on 1 November 1956). Now: The corpus came out in 1956. Its title page names the Government of Andhra Pradesh as publisher but gives only the year; its foreword is dated 28 October 1956. Before: Sewell (1932), "after Vincent Smith", put his accession about 219 CE, while the next item gave Smith's own date (1924) as about 201 CE. Now: Sewell says his dates are taken from Smith's Early History of India, pp. 183 f., without naming the edition. Rapson notes that Smith had given 219 CE in 1902; Smith's fourth edition of 1924 gives about 201 CE. Before: Regani records that Gandhi visited Chirala on 6 April (no year given on the page). Now: The page now says that Regani gives no year for this visit; no other source in the library gives one. Before: The summary said the Dutch cemetery has tombstones from 1661 to 1720, the oldest in the Northern Circars; the body gave Rea's tombstones dated 1623 without remark. Now: The summary names Francis for the 1661–1720 range and notes Rea's 1623. A new section, Where the sources disagree, sets the two side by side, with Rea's own statement that the Dutch fort was built in the middle of the seventeenth century. Before: It was never part of the Telugu country, but for two centuries its kings fought over the Raichur doab and the uplands south of the Tungabhadra, and ruled Adoni and Kurnool (no footnote). Now: Each step is now cited: Cousens on the long border with Vijayanagara and Yusuf's capture of Mudgal and Raichur; Ferishta on Adoni (1568); the Kurnool manual on Kurnool (early seventeenth century); Sarkar on the Abyssinian nobles who ruled the Karnul district and part of the Raichur doab. "Two centuries" and "the uplands", which no source gives, are gone. Before: Golconda is a fortress and ruined royal town on a granite ridge about five miles west of Hyderabad, with the Musi river flowing to its south (no footnote). Now: Golconda is a fortress and ruined city five miles west of Hyderabad city, as the Imperial Gazetteer of 1909 says. The granite ridge and the Musi, which no cited source mentions, are gone. Before: The two grants show the village passing from Pallava to Eastern Chalukya rule (no footnote). Now: Removed. The page now gives only what Hultzsch says: that the Chalukya grant copied praises from Pallava records, the Pallavas having been "supplanted by the Eastern Chalukyas". Before: The plates therefore say nothing about Chikkulla itself in Vishnukundin times, and it is not recorded how they came to lie in a tank so far north of the land they describe. Precise coordinates for the village have not been verified and are not given here. Now: Both sentences removed: no source makes the first point, and the second was a note about the page, not about the village. Before: His successors Peda Vedagiri and Lingama Nayaka also ruled from Devarakonda (no footnote). Ferishta does not name the chief (no footnote). Now: According to Epigraphia Telanganica, the Velugotivari Vamsavali says that Mada's son Peda Vedagiri succeeded him at Devarakonda; a Sarikonda inscription of 1427 traces Lingama Nayaka's descent from this Vedagiri. Ferishta calls the chief only "a zemindar of Tulingana". Before: The temple's inscriptions are also a main source for the regional houses of the 12th century (no footnote). Now: Removed, as no cited source says it. The page goes straight to Hultzsch's use of a Draksharama record, now footnoted. Before: It gave its name to the last war between the Peshwa and the Nizam, whose state included Telangana (no footnote). Now: The battle fought near it in 1795 between the Peshwa and the Nizam is named after it: the Kurnool manual calls it "the battle of Kardla". "The last war", which no cited source says, is gone. Before: After the Reddis the fort passed to the Gajapati kings of Orissa (no footnote). Now: The Kistna manual says that when the Reddi dynasty ended, the Gajapati kings of Orissa extended their power over the district, and that the Gajapati Vidyadhara built a reservoir at Kondapalli. Before: The Pathan Nawabs had helped to kill Nasir Jang near Jinji in December 1750 ... But they quarrelled with him over their rewards (no footnotes). Now: They helped to kill Nasir Jang near Jinji in 1750 (Gribble gives the year, not the month). Gribble says that the Nawab of Cuddapah was then "disgusted that he had not gained as much as he had expected". Before: Devapala, whose father had served Jagaddeva and who was later brought up by the Kakatiya chief Prola (the summary said he was brought up by Jagaddeva). Now: The inscription says that Jagaddeva brought Devapala up, and that after Jagaddeva the Kakatiya chief Prola "brought him up with care and consideration". Body and summary now agree. Before: Summary: counted among the big tanks of the Kakatiya period (the body did not say so or name who counts it). Now: P. V. Parabrahma Sastry counts the tank among the big tanks of the Kakatiya period; the body now says so and cites him. Before: Summary: the Musunuri chief Kapaya Nayaka tried to win Kaulas back, which began the war in which he lost Golconda (the body named only Haig's Kanhayya Naik, and no one linking him to Kapaya). Now: Haig names the ruler Kanhayya Naik (elsewhere "Krishna or Kanhayya Naik"); the epigraphy report for 1934–35 notes that Kapaya Nayaka has been identified with the Kanya-Nayaka or Krishna-Nayak of the Muslim historians. The summary says only what the body says. Before: The record of 1228–29 is dated in the reign of the Mahamandalesvara Gandagopala Tirukaladeva Choda Maharaja, "that is Tikka I" (no one named for the identification). Now: The record names Gandagopala Tirukaladeva Choda Maharaja; Robert Sewell's genealogical table of the Telugu Chodas gives the names Tirukalattideva and Ganda-Gopala to Tikka I. Before: In Saka 1421 Saluva Timmarasu gave Madanuru for the religious merit of "Sri Krishnadeva Maharaya" (with no remark that Saka 1421 is 1498–99, before Krishnadeva's reign). Now: A new section, Where the sources disagree, notes that Rangacharya gives the cyclic year as Isvara, which by Sewell and Dikshit's tables is 1517–18, while Saka 1421 is 1498–99; Sewell puts the start of Krishnadeva Raya's reign in 1509. Before: The page gave the Corpus's distance (30 miles from Mahbubabad, on the road to Koravi) and Epigraphia Telanganica's (about ten miles, on the road to Khammam) in separate paragraphs, without remark. Now: A new section, Where the sources disagree, sets the two placings side by side. Before: In 1917 Krishna Sastri compared the family line of the Bapatla plates with this one. Now: He compared it with a set of copper plates that the Tahsildar of Bapatla had lent him for examination. The report does not call them "the Bapatla plates". Before: Sukthankar found the letters close to those of the Jaggayyapeta inscription of the Ikshvaku king Purushadatta. Now: Sukthankar compared the letters with the Jaggayyapeta inscription of Purisadata (Purushadatta) without naming his dynasty. D. C. Sircar (1939) places this king, Virapurisadata, on the Ikshvaku throne.

Asad Ali Khan (Muzaffar-ul-Mulk) of Banganapalle, Abdul Halim Khan (Nawab of Cuddapah), Abdul Nabi Khan (Nawab of Cuddapah), Jami Masjid, Hyderabad, Burgula Ramakrishna Rao, Chandra Sri Satakarni, Duggirala Gopalakrishnayya, Bheemunipatnam, Bijapur (Vijayapura), Golconda, Chendalur, Chikkulla, Devarakonda, Draksharama, Kharda, Kondapalli, Lakkireddipalle, Ganapavaram (Huzurnagar), Laknavaram, Kaulas, Kavali, Madanur, Kandikonda, Pithapuram inscription of Prithvisvara, Myakadoni inscription of Pulumavi

Telugu pages: 439 now, with almost all dynasties

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 19:20:00 GMT

More pages are in Telugu: 439 in all, with 50 of the 51 dynasties and 168 people (now up to Malik Maqbul, among them Krishnadevaraya, Kulottunga I, Mahendravarman I, Mahmud Gawan, Madapati Hanumantha Rao and Konda Venkatappayya).

Krishnadeva Raya, Kulottunga I, Mahendravarman I, Madapati Hanumantha Rao

Telugu pages: 382 now

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 19:10:00 GMT

More pages are in Telugu: 382 in all, with 126 people (now up to Kapaya Nayaka, among them Haidar Ali, Gurajada Apparao, Gidugu Ramamurti, Kandukuri Veeresalingam and Kancherla Gopanna) and 35 dynasties.

Gurajada Apparao, Kandukuri Veeresalingam, Haidar Ali, Kancherla Gopanna (Bhakta Ramadas)

Telugu pages: 358 now; three Telugu sentences corrected

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 19:00:00 GMT

More pages are in Telugu: 358 in all, with 30 dynasties (among them the Kakatiyas, the Mauryas, the Mughals, the Marathas, Mysore under Haidar and Tipu, and the Nawabs of Arcot and Cuddapah). In three places a Telugu translation had turned the English "not always" into "never" (on the Asaf Jahis and Inscriptions & sources pages); they now say "not always", as the English does. Telugu pages also now carry the links to the new freedom-struggle pages.

Kakatiyas, Mauryas, Mughals in the Telugu country, Marathas and the Telugu country

Telugu pages: 336 now

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 18:50:00 GMT

More pages are in Telugu: 336 in all, with 122 places (now up to Mahbubnagar, among them Hyderabad, Kadapa, Kurnool, Machilipatnam, Golconda and Guntur), 90 people and 25 dynasties, besides every era, theme and monument. Every footnote, link, date and figure was checked against the English by a script.

Hyderabad, Kadapa (Cuddapah), Kurnool, Machilipatnam

Freedom struggle, part 1: 16 freedom fighters of Andhra and Telangana

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 18:40:00 GMT

16 new pages on the freedom struggle in the Telugu country. Early risings: Uyyalawada Narasimha Reddy (1846), and Turrebaz Khan and Maulvi Allauddin, who led the attack on the Hyderabad Residency on 17 July 1857. The Andhra districts: Mutnuri Krishna Rao, Kasinadhuni Nageswara Rao, Ayyadevara Kaleswara Rao, Bulusu Sambamurti, Pattabhi Sitaramayya and Unnava Lakshminarayana. Hyderabad State and the struggle against the Nizam's rule: Baddam Yella Reddy, Arutla Ramachandra Reddy, Arutla Kamala Devi, Makhdoom Mohiuddin, Jamalapuram Keshava Rao, Suravaram Pratapa Reddy and the journalist Shoebullah Khan. A new source, the Andhra Pradesh government's Who's Who of Freedom Struggle (1980), gives dated arrests and jail terms. More pages will follow. Before: The Freedom Struggle in Hyderabad, Vol. II, cited at pp. 68–69 for the Resident's report on the attack of 1857. Now: The same passage is cited at pp. 63–64, the printed page numbers of the volume. The same fix is made on the Nizams and British, Asaf Jahis and British Residency pages. Before: Andhra Patrika clipping about the 1938 Madhira satyagraha (dated 1938, Public domain). Now: The clipping is datelined Bezawada, August 7, and prints no year. Ramananda Tirtha's and Jamalapuram Keshava Rao's satyagraha of 7 August belongs to 1947 (the 1938 satyagraha began on 24 October), so it is now dated 1947 and labelled Public domain in India.

Uyyalawada Narasimha Reddy, Turrebaz Khan, Makhdoom Mohiuddin, Shoebullah Khan, Pattabhi Sitaramayya

Telugu pages: 295 now

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 18:30:00 GMT

More pages are in Telugu: 295 in all. New in this batch are 18 dynasties in all (among them the Cholas, the Eastern Chalukyas, the Eastern Gangas, the Gajapatis and the Ikshvakus, and the Dutch, English and French East India Companies) and more places, 95 in all. Every footnote, link, date and figure was checked against the English by a script.

Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi, Cholas of Tanjore, Gajapatis of Orissa, East India Company

Telugu pages: 221 now

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 18:20:00 GMT

More pages are in Telugu: 221 in all, including 31 places (from Addanki to Chandragiri), 83 people and 8 dynasties, besides every era, theme and monument. Each Telugu page was checked against the English by a script for every footnote, link, date and figure.

Bobbili, Bhadrachalam, Adoni, Chandragiri

Telugu pages: 206 now, with all monuments and themes

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 18:10:00 GMT

Another 89 pages are in Telugu, so 206 pages can now be read in full in Telugu: all 10 era pages, all 12 themes, all 77 monuments, 83 people, 18 places and the first 6 dynasties. As before, every footnote, link, date and figure on each Telugu page was checked against the English by a script, and the At a glance points are in Telugu too.

Religion & philosophy, Asaf Jahis (Nizams of Hyderabad), Ganapatideva, Addanki

Telugu pages: the first 120

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 18:00:00 GMT

The first 120 pages are now in Telugu: all 10 era pages, 8 themes, 55 monuments and 47 people. Each Telugu page is a full translation of the English page, in plain modern Telugu, with every footnote, link, date and figure checked against the English by a script. The At a glance points on these pages are in Telugu too. While translating, a few sentences in the English were found to be wrong; one changed a fact and is listed below. Before: The manual and the Imperial Gazetteer both make the leader at Tammadapalle Asad Ali Khan, the maternal uncle. Now: The manual and the Imperial Gazetteer both make the leader at Tammadapalle Asad Ali Khan, the brother of Ghulam Ali's father.

Kakatiyas, Charminar, Golconda Fort, Tallapaka Annamacharya

19 more Telugu poets and writers, from Vemulavada Bhimakavi to Panuganti

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 17:50:00 GMT

19 new pages, in time order: Vemulavada Bhimakavi, Atharvana, Marana, Hullaki Bhaskara, Jakkana, Vinukonda Vallabharaya, Sarangu Timmana, Tarigoppula Mallana, Pingali Ellanarya, Vijayaraghava Nayaka of Tanjore, the woman poet Mohanangi, Kuchimanchi Timmakavi, Kankanti Paparaju, Kokkonda Venkataratnam, Vedam Venkataraya Sastri, Vavilikolanu Subbarao, the Tirupati Venkata Kavulu, Chilakamarti Lakshmi Narasimham and Panuganti Lakshminarasimha Rao. Each page says where a date or an authorship is disputed and names who says what. Three images were added: a page of C. P. Brown's 1852 list of Telugu books, and early photographs of Chilakamarti (1927) and the Tirupati Venkata Kavulu (1929).

Vemulavada Bhimakavi, Mohanangi, Tirupati Venkata Kavulu, Chilakamarti Lakshmi Narasimham

At a glance: key points on 193 more people and place pages

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 17:40:00 GMT

Every person and place page over about 800 words now opens with an At a glance box of three to five key points, for a quick review: 165 people and 28 places, 671 points in all. Each point sums up sentences already on the page, keeps the page's attributions ("Sircar thought …"), and links to the footnotes of the sentences it sums up.

Ganapatideva, Manumasiddhi II, Amaravati & Dharanikota, Hyderabad

Telugu poets and composers: Vemana, Annamacharya, Molla, Tyagaraja and 21 others

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 17:30:00 GMT

25 new pages on Telugu poets, composers and writers, in time order from Nannechoda to Rayaprolu Subba Rao: Ketana, Baddena, Nachana Somana, Pillalamarri Pinaveerabhadrudu, Vemana, Annamacharya, Molla, Dhurjati, Madayyagari Mallana, Ayyalaraju Ramabhadrudu, Ramarajabhushana, Pingali Surana, Addanki Gangadhara, Ponnikanti Telaganarya, Raghunatha Nayaka of Tanjore, Chemakura Venkatakavi, Kshetrayya, Muddupalani, Mangalagiri Anandakavi, Tarigonda Vengamamba, Tyagaraja, Gidugu Ramamurti and Gurajada Apparao. Where a poet's date or life rests on tradition or on one scholar's reading, the page says so and names the scholar; there are no imagined portraits. Six images were added: title pages of early editions, pages of Veeresalingam's lives of the poets, a 1911 photograph of Gidugu and the gateway of Tyagaraja's samadhi. Before: Venkataramanayya noted that the only Virashaiva poet whom Bukka is known to have supported was the Telugu poet Nachana Soma. Now: Venkataramanayya noted that the only poet in a spoken language whom Bukka is known to have supported was a Telugu poet, Nachana Soma. The same sentence on the Vijayanagara page is corrected too.

Vemana, Tallapaka Annamacharya, Molla, Tyagaraja, Gurajada Apparao

Andhra Pradesh 1956–2014: the safeguards, 1969, 1972–73 and the road to division

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 17:20:00 GMT

The Andhra Pradesh era page now tells the story from 1956 to 2014 in dated sections, from the Lok Sabha debates of the time: the Regional Committee and the residence (Mulki) rules, the Telangana agitation of 1969, the Mulki judgment of 1972 and the agitation that followed, the Six-Point Formula and Article 371D of 1973–74, the renewed demand and the Srikrishna Committee of 2010, and the division of 2014. New pages on P. V. Narasimha Rao and J. Vengala Rao. Three images were added. The timeline spans of the two movements are corrected below. Before: Jai Andhra movement: about 1970–1973. Now: Jai Andhra movement: 1972–1973, from the agitation against the Mulki rules that began on 25 October 1972 to the end of President's rule on 10 December 1973. Before: Telangana movement, second phase: about 2009–2014, from the Union government's statement of 9 December 2009. Now: Telangana movement, second phase: about 2004–2014. In the Lok Sabha on 13 July 2004 the Home Ministry spoke of a persistent demand for a separate Telangana.

Andhra State & Andhra Pradesh, P. V. Narasimha Rao, J. Vengala Rao

Quick facts: what is at a place, and where a person appears

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 17:10:00 GMT

The facts panel beside each place now lists the dynasties that made it their capital, the monuments there and the inscriptions found there. The panel beside each person now links to the family trees they appear in and to the inscription pages that name them, in date order. Long lists show the first four and open to show the rest. Everything in the panel comes from the site's own pages, so it adds no new claims.

Warangal, Ganapatideva

Who made the identification: 22 sentences now name the scholar, and 10 footnotes point to the right page

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 17:00:00 GMT

An audit of linked names against the pages they cite. Where a cited page does not itself make an identification (Ferishta's 'Bilal Dew', the 'Satyasraya' of the Eastern Chalukya grants, Pliny's 'Andarae', Podana and Bodhan), the sentence now names the scholar who makes it and cites that page. Two statements lost a qualifier and now carry it again. Footnotes that pointed to the wrong page (Adoni and Penukonda on the Adil Shahis page, Srisailam on the Marathas page, Badapa's parentage, Gooty, the Ipur plates and others) now point to the page that says it. Before: Ferishta tells of a rising in AH 744 (1343–44) led by Krishn Naig, with the help of the Hoysala king Ballala. Now: Ferishta names the ally as "Bilal Dew, Raja of the Carnatic". Robert Sewell tells the same rising with the Hoysala Ballala princes as Krishna's allies. The same change is made on the Musunuri Nayakas and Kapaya Nayaka pages. Before: Venkataramanayya took Bodhan to have been Yuddhamalla's capital. Now: Venkataramanayya thought that Podana was probably the king's capital; The Early History of the Deccan (1960) identifies Podana with Bodhan. The same change is made on the Yuddhamalla I and Bodhan pages. Before: The king marched south against the land of a Vijayanagara noble whom Ferishta calls Nursing Ray. Now: Ferishta calls him a raja; Haig thought he was probably a governor of the Vijayanagara kings, or the descendant of one. Before: An inscription of 1381 at Draksharama records buildings put up by Anavema. Now: The inscription records buildings put up by an Ana-Vema; Rangacharya calls him the Kondavidu king, but Hultzsch thought it uncertain that he was the same man. The same change is made on the Reddis of Kondaveedu page. Before: Bhima was the second son of Mailamba, wife of the Kandur Choda chief Tondaya II. Now: Mailamba's inscription has lost her husband's name; P. V. Parabrahma Sastry took him to be Tondaya II. The same change is made on the Tondaya II page. Before: That siege took place in the reign of Ibrahim Adil Shah II. Now: Heras placed that siege in the reign of Ibrahim Adil Shah II (Ferishta tells it under Ali Adil Shah I; see the Adil Shahis page). Before: The Rayas of Devarkonda and Rajkonda were the Recherla Velama kings of Devarakonda and Rachakonda. Now: The chronicle does not name these rayas. The census survey of 1964 says that Rachakonda was the seat of the Recherla Velama kings for about a century. Before: Pliny credited the Andhras with thirty fortified towns and a large army. Now: Pliny wrote of a people he called the Andarae, whom James Burgess took to be the Andhras. The same change is made on the Mauryas & Satavahanas era page and the Forts and warfare page. Before: The grant opens with "the Maharaja Satyashraya, the favourite of fortune", that is Pulakesin II. Now: The grant names only Satyashraya; J. F. Fleet, in his history of the Kanarese districts, names Vishnuvardhana I as the younger brother of Pulakesin II. The same change is made on the Masulipatam plates of Amma II. Before: Vijayaditya Narendramrigaraja, that is Vijayaditya II, had built a temple at Vijayavatika. Now: The grant names Vijayaditya Narendramrigaraja; J. F. Fleet's list of the dynasty gives Narendramrigaraja as the title of Vijayaditya II. Before: In the usual order of the campaign, given by Nuniz and the Amaravati inscription, Udayagiri fell first and Kondavidu in June 1515 (cited to Rangacharya p. 472). Now: H. Luders, who edited the Amaravati inscription, followed Nuniz's account of the long siege of Udayagiri, and dated the surrender of Kondavidu to 23 June 1515. Before: Saka 1438 was the year of the king's gifts at Simhachalam after the eastern campaign (cited to Rangacharya p. 487). Now: The Simhachalam gifts of Saka 1438 are now cited to Rangacharya III p. 1675, and the first eastern campaign to the pillar inscription printed in the Indian Antiquary (1898). Before: The Recherla chief Anapota overthrew Kapaya about 1368 (cited to Haig, pp. 379–380). Now: V. Yashoda Devi writes that he overthrew Kapaya about 1368. Also on this audit, without a change of meaning: the Cholas (Rajendra III, whom the Cuddapah gazetteer calls Rajendra Chola II), Kakatiyas, Marathas, Rashtrakutas, Krishna III, Haidar Ali, Jayasimha II, Madhavavarman II, Kurnool and Adil Shahis pages had footnotes moved to the page that says it.

Plainer headings, special words explained, modern place names first

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 16:50:00 GMT

A clean-up of 575 pages after the simple-English rewrite. About 110 headings were made plainer ("Accession" is now "Coming to the throne", "Findspot" is "Where it was found"). Special words are explained at their first use on each page: Saka and AH dates on about 310 pages, and terms such as stupa, linga, agrahara, jagir and zamindar. Old place spellings now follow the modern name, as in "Srikakulam (then Chicacole)". Paragraphs that had no footnote now carry one, or, where they describe this site's own sources, are set apart as "About the sources" notes. Two sentences were brought back to what their sources say, as listed below. Before: The Telugu country is full of forts: walled capitals on the plains, mud forts in the villages of the coast, and citadels on the granite hills of Telangana and Rayalaseema. Now: The Telugu country is full of forts. Warangal, the Kakatiya capital, had a fort of mud and a fort of stone. Bhongir and Gooty were hill forts on great masses of bare rock. On the coast, the zamindars lived in mud forts. Before: It begins with the Buddhist stupas of the Krishna valley, the Vedic and Shaiva kings of Vengi, and Jain merchants and patrons. Now: It begins with the Buddhist stupas (relic mounds) of the Krishna valley, the Vedic and Shaiva kings of Vengi, and Jain patrons.

Forts & warfare, Religion & philosophy, Satavahanas, Mauryas

Simpler English: the rewrite is complete

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 16:40:00 GMT

The last eight inscription pages are rewritten in simple English, among them the Pithapuram pillar of Mallideva (1195), the British Museum grant of Queen Charudevi and the Amudalapadu plates of Vikramaditya I. Every page of the site, about 790 in all, is now written in short, plain sentences, with special words explained and every fact cited. A script checked each page against the old text, so that no fact, date, figure, quotation, link or citation was lost. While rewriting, four sentences were found that said more than their sources, and they are corrected below; two page links in the Sarngapuram footnotes now open the right page. Before: The first is of the Eastern Chalukya kings, and it contains a statement found in no other record. … He identified their country with Konasima, the Godavari delta. Now: The first is of the Eastern Chalukya kings, and it contains a statement missing from the Korumelli and Chellur plates. … He thought their country was probably the same as Konasima, the Telugu name for the Godavari delta. Before: Unlike the earliest Prakrit inscriptions, the grant writes double consonants in full, as literary Prakrit does. Now: Unlike the Andhra inscriptions, the grant writes double consonants in full, as literary Prakrit does. Before: Following Sarma, Sircar placed Marrura at Chinna or Pedda Marruru on the Krishna … Sarma identified Iparumkal with Vipanagandla. Now: Following Sarma, Sircar thought that Marrura may be Chinna or Pedda Marruru on the Krishna … Sarma was inclined to identify Iparumkal with Vipanagandla.

Pithapuram inscription of Mallideva and Manma-Satya II, British Museum grant of Charudevi, Amudalapadu plates of Vikramaditya I

Simpler English: 22 more inscriptions; four sentences corrected

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 16:30:00 GMT

Another 22 inscription pages are rewritten in simple English, among them the Bhattiprolu caskets, the Kanteru and Polamuru plates, the Kolanupaka record of Rudramadevi (1279) and the Warangal records of 1183 and 1228. Only nine inscription pages are now left in the old style. While rewriting, four sentences were found that did not match their sources, and they are corrected below; each was checked on the printed page. Before: Parabrahma Sastry read its account of a crisis as a reference to the years after Ganapatideva's uncle Mahadeva was killed fighting the Yadavas. Now: Parabrahma Sastry read its account of a crisis as a reference to the years after Ganapatideva's father Mahadeva was killed fighting the Yadavas. Before: He took Vengipura, the capital, to be Pedda-Vegi. He confirmed this identification on a visit there in 1902. Now: Vengipura, the capital, had already been identified with Pedda-Vegi. Hultzsch confirmed this identification on a visit there in 1902. Before: He suggested that many of the dates Hultzsch gave to Gonka III and Prithvisvara belonged instead to Gonka II and his son Rajendra Choda. Now: He suggested that most of the dates Hultzsch gave to Gonka III and Prithvisvara belonged instead to Gonka II and his son Rajendra Choda. Before: In 1917 the Madras epigraphy office reported that people there called the temple Pichchigudi. Now: In 1917 the Madras epigraphy office reported that people there called the temple Pichchigullu.

Bhattiprolu relic-casket inscriptions, Kolanupaka inscription of Rudramadevi's reign, Warangal fort inscription of Rudradeva, Polamuru plates of Madhavavarman Janashraya

The Andhra State and the making of Andhra Pradesh, 1953–1956

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 16:20:00 GMT

New pages on Burgula Ramakrishna Rao, Chief Minister of Hyderabad State from 1952, and Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, first Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, built on the Andhra and Hyderabad Assembly debates of 1952–1958. The Kurnool page now tells how the town became the capital of the Andhra State in 1953, and how the Assembly argued over where the capital should be. The Prakasam page adds his time as Chief Minister, 1953–54, and the Andhra Pradesh era page adds the Andhra Assembly's motion of November 1955 and the pledges of 1 November 1956. A new map shows the Andhra State of 1953 and the Telangana districts joined to it in 1956. Seven images were added, four of them from the state government's magazine of 1956. The timeline note on Hyderabad State is corrected below. Before: Hyderabad State: joined the Indian Union in 1948 as a Part B State after the Police Action. Now: Hyderabad State: under Indian administration after the Police Action of September 1948, first under a Military Governor and from 1 December 1949 under a civil Chief Minister. It became a Part B State when the Constitution came into force on 26 January 1950.

Burgula Ramakrishna Rao, Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, Kurnool, Tanguturi Prakasam, Andhra State & Andhra Pradesh

Simpler English: all people done, 46 more inscriptions

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 16:10:00 GMT

Another 86 pages are rewritten in simple English. The last 27 people are done, among them Asoka, Simuka, Sri Satakarni, Kubja Vishnuvardhana, Vimaladitya and the Salankayana kings, so every person's page is now in simple English. Also rewritten are 46 inscriptions. On 11 people pages rewritten earlier, a footnote had been repeated onto sentences whose cited page could not be checked; those sentences now keep their original footnote placement. A script checked that no fact, name, date, figure, qualifier, quotation, link or citation was lost.

Asoka, Simuka, Kubja Vishnuvardhana, Vimaladitya

Pictures for 121 more pages

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 16:00:00 GMT

121 pages that had no picture now have one. 59 new images were added: 46 photographs and old engravings from Wikimedia Commons, a Cleveland Museum of Art photograph of the Mahmud Gawan madrasa at Bidar (about 1890), and 12 plates of inscriptions and coins from Epigraphia Indica and Rapson's coin catalogue (1908). Another 82 existing images, mostly the printed plates of copper-plate grants, are now also shown on the pages of the records and people they belong to. Every image is public domain or openly licensed, and its credit and licence are given. Early kings get no invented portraits: their pages show a coin, an inscription or a building that the page itself links to them.

Tomb of Abdul Wahab, Kurnool, Akbar Hydari (Nawab Hyder Nawaz Jung), Kandukuri Veeresalingam, Omgodu grant of Skandavarman II (No. 1), Ahobilam

Simpler English: 13 inscriptions and 13 people; two sentences corrected

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 15:50:00 GMT

Another 26 pages are rewritten in simple English: 13 inscriptions (among them Jaya's Chebrolu inscription of 1213, the Motupalli record of 1244 and the Ramatirtham plates) and 13 people (among them the early Kakatiya chiefs Prola I, Beta II, Prola II and Mahadeva, Gautamiputra Satakarni, Bindusara, the poet Pampa and Salar Jung I). A script checked that no fact, name, date, figure, qualifier, quotation, link or citation was lost. While rewriting, two sentences were found that did not match their sources, and they are corrected below. Before: It shows an advancing lion with one fore-paw raised, mouth open and tail looped over the back. Now: It shows "an advancing lion or tiger with its left fore-paw raised", its mouth wide open and its tail looped over its back. Before: Walter Elliot first described the grant in the Madras Journal in 1840. Now: Walter Elliot first described the grant in the Madras Journal, volume xi, pages 302–306.

Chebrolu inscription of Jaya, Motupalli pillar inscription of Ganapatideva, Prola II, Gautamiputra Satakarni, Salar Jung I (Mir Turab Ali Khan)

Simpler English: all monuments done, 32 more people and 13 inscriptions

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 15:40:00 GMT

Another 84 pages are rewritten in simple English. The last 39 monuments are done, among them the Charminar, Golconda fort, the Ramappa and Thousand Pillar temples, the Amaravati stupa and the Qutb Shahi tombs, so every monument page is now in simple English. Also rewritten are 32 people (among them Pulakesin II, Ganapatideva, Rudradeva, Mahendravarman I, Potti Sriramulu, Kandukuri Veeresalingam and four Nizams) and 13 inscriptions. A script checked that no fact, name, date, figure, qualifier, quotation, link or citation was lost, and the family trees still cite the sentence that states each relationship.

Charminar, Golconda Fort, Ramappa Temple, Pulakesin II, Ganapatideva, Potti Sriramulu

Simpler English: 32 monuments and 31 people; two sentences corrected

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 15:30:00 GMT

Another 63 pages are rewritten in simple English: 32 monuments (among them Warangal fort, Gandikota, Chandragiri, Golconda's Taramati Baradari, the Tirumala and Simhachalam temples, Chowmahalla Palace and Husain Sagar) and 31 people (among them Kulottunga I, Amoghavarsha I, Nizam Ali Khan and the Eastern Chalukya kings). A script checked that no fact, name, date, figure, qualifier, quotation, link or citation was lost, and pages were read by hand for meaning. While rewriting, two sentences were found that did not match their sources, and they are corrected below. Before: None of these sources gives a year, and no inscription of the hospital is recorded. Now: Bilgrami's survey entry gives its date as 1004 A.H. (1595 A.D.). The same entry records no inscription on the building. Before: The Imperial Gazetteer of 1909 records a local tradition that the town was founded by the Kakatiya king it calls Proda Raja. Now: The Imperial Gazetteer of 1909 says that the town was founded in the twelfth century by the Kakatiya king it calls Proda Raja.

Warangal Fort, Gandikota fort, Chowmahalla Palace, Kulottunga I, Nizam Ali Khan (Asaf Jah II)

Seven southern neighbours: Vakatakas, Banas, Nolamba-Pallavas, Vaidumbas, Cholas of Tanjore, Hoysalas and Pandyas

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 15:20:00 GMT

Seven dynasties that ruled parts of the Telugu country from the south and west now have their own pages, written in simple English: the Vakatakas, the Banas of the Chittoor hills, the Nolamba-Pallavas of Hemavati, the Vaidumbas, the Cholas of Tanjore (with a family tree of the Chola kings who ruled Vengi), the Hoysalas and the Pandyas. With them come 17 people (among them Rajaraja I, Rajendra I, Kulottunga II, Ballala III and Jatavarman Sundara Pandya I), 5 places (Gudimallam, Hemavati, Halebidu, Thanjavur and Gangaikondacholapuram), 12 inscriptions (Chola records at Draksharama, Simhachalam, Bezwada and Chellur, the Gudimallam plates and the Pandya record at Nellore), a map and 10 images. Each claim of rule over a Telugu district rests on inscriptions found there, and where historians disagree (how much of Telangana the Vakatakas held, who the Pandyas defeated near Nellore in 1263) each side is given. The timeline spans of the seven powers were revised: the Pandyas now show their hold on Nellore about 1260–64. Family trees now place a disputed child first when the data lists that link first, which also tidies the Asaf Jahi tree.

Cholas of Tanjore, Pandyas, Hoysalas, Nolamba-Pallavas, Banas, Vaidumbas, Vakatakas

Simpler English: every place page, 60 more people and 2 monuments

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 15:10:00 GMT

Another 146 pages are rewritten in simple English. All place pages are now done. The batch also has 60 people, among them Rudramadevi, Prataparudra, Sultan Quli, Joseph Dupleix, Tanguturi Prakasam, Alluri Sitarama Raju and Mir Osman Ali Khan, and 2 monuments. A script checked that no fact, name, date, figure, qualifier, quotation, link or citation was lost, and pages were read by hand for meaning. Where a family fact moved into the next sentence, the family trees now cite that sentence too.

Rudramadevi, Prataparudra, Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk, Alluri Sitarama Raju, Warangal

Simpler English: every dynasty page, 76 places, 67 inscriptions and 45 people

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 15:00:00 GMT

Another 209 pages are rewritten in simple English. All dynasty pages are now done, among them the Satavahanas, Ikshvakus, Pallavas, Rashtrakutas, Western Chalukyas, Telugu Cholas, Musunuri Nayakas and Asaf Jahis. The batch also has 76 places (Hyderabad, Tirupati, Visakhapatnam, Nagarjunakonda and others), 67 inscriptions and 45 people. A script checked that no fact, name, date, figure, qualifier, quotation, link or citation was lost, and pages were read by hand for meaning. One wrong link was removed: on the Tripurantakam record of 1126, the words "this Tripurantakam record" pointed to a different record of 1290.

Satavahanas, Pallavas, Asaf Jahis (Nizams of Hyderabad), Hyderabad, Tirupati and Tirumala, Bammera Potana

Simpler English: 43 inscriptions, 17 places, 12 dynasties and 10 people; every fact sentence cited

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 14:50:00 GMT

Another 82 pages are rewritten in simple English: 43 inscription pages (with terms such as chronograms and regnal years explained), 17 places from Adoni and Kurnool to Hampi and Srisailam, 12 dynasty pages and 10 people. The era and theme pages rewritten first now give every sentence taken from a source its own footnote, and their lists follow one style. A script checked that no fact, name, date, figure, qualifier, quotation, link or citation was lost; samples were read by hand for meaning.

Chiruvroli grant of Hambira (1461), Amaravati inscription of Krishnadeva Raya (1515), Hampi (Vijayanagara), Kurnool, Recherla Velamas

Simpler English: 47 people pages

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 14:40:00 GMT

Forty-seven people pages are rewritten in simple English, among them Krishnadevaraya, Shivaji, Aurangzeb, Haidar Ali, Malik Kafur, Allasani Peddana, Kancherla Gopanna, Abdullah Qutb Shah and the Nawabs of Kurnool and Cuddapah. Sentences now average about 15 words instead of 31. A script checked that no fact, name, date, figure, qualifier, quotation, link or citation was lost, and pages were read by hand for meaning.

Krishnadeva Raya, Shivaji, Aurangzeb (Alamgir), Haidar Ali, Kancherla Gopanna (Bhakta Ramadas)

Simpler English: ten dynasty pages and two eras

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 14:30:00 GMT

Rewritten in simple English: the Mughals, the British Crown, Mysore under Haidar Ali and Tipu, the Adil Shahis, Vijayanagara, the Gajapatis, the Kakatiyas, the Nawabs of Arcot, the East India Company and the Qutb Shahis, and the Movements and Nizams eras. Sentences now average about 14 words instead of 26; every sentence from a source carries its own footnote. A script checked that no fact, name, date, figure, qualifier, quotation, link or citation was lost.

Kakatiyas, Vijayanagara Empire, Qutb Shahis, British Crown (Madras Presidency), Reform, freedom & people's movements

Simpler English: the era and theme pages

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 14:20:00 GMT

The site's English is being rewritten for every reader, including those who read English as a second language: short sentences, common words, special terms explained in brackets, and modern place names first. Eight era pages, all twelve theme pages and the Maratha page are done; sentences now average about 13 words instead of 20. No fact, date, figure, quotation or citation has changed: every page was checked by a script that compares the old and new text.

Kakatiyas, Mauryas & Satavahanas, Daily life & festivals, Trade & economy, Marathas and the Telugu country

Hyderabad State under the later Nizams, 1857–1948, to the Police Action

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 14:10:00 GMT

The Asaf Jahi page gains sections on the districts and the revenue survey (1866–1905), the railways, the famines of 1876–1921, the Executive Council of 1919, and Hyderabad and India from 1938 to 1948: the Standstill Agreement, the two sides' readings of it, the Razakars, the failed talks of 1948 and the Police Action of 13–17 September 1948, with each side's account cited. Five people (Salar Jung II, Akbar Hydari, Mir Laik Ali, Qasim Razvi and J. N. Chaudhuri), eight Telangana towns (Nalgonda, Mahbubnagar, Medak, Sangareddy, Suryapet, Nizamabad, Adilabad and Nirmal), Himayat Sagar, Nizam Sagar and Osmania University, a map of the state's districts, and five pictures. The new pages are the first written in the site's simpler English.

Asaf Jahis (Nizams of Hyderabad), Salar Jung II (Mir Laik Ali Khan), Akbar Hydari (Nawab Hyder Nawaz Jung), Mir Laik Ali, Qasim Razvi, J. N. Chaudhuri, Nalgonda, Osmania University, Nizam Sagar, The districts of the Nizam's Dominions (1931)

Twelve maps of the Nizam's circars (1865) and the 1900 famine

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 14:00:00 GMT

From an atlas of the circars of the Nizam's Dominions presented to Afzal-ud-Daula at Arcot in 1865: twelve hand-coloured district maps, among them Khammam, Devarakonda and Panagal, Medak, Golconda, Bhongir and Nalgonda, and Warangal and Elgandal, shown on the Asaf Jahi and place pages; and a chart of the numbers on famine relief in 1899–1900 from the Hyderabad government's famine report. Both books come from a newly catalogued collection of about 700 books, of which some 190 are now in the research library.

Asaf Jahis (Nizams of Hyderabad), Khammam, Warangal

The British Crown and the Madras Presidency in the Telugu country, 1858–1947

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 13:50:00 GMT

A new page on the Crown's rule of the Telugu districts: the transfer of 1858, the districts and their changes (Godavari and Kistna 1859, Bhadrachalam 1860, Anantapur 1882, Guntur 1904, Chittoor 1911, West Godavari 1925), the Agency tracts, the Collector and the local boards, land revenue and the zamindars, irrigation, railways and ports, the famines with census figures, the Rampa rebellion of 1879–80, schools and colleges, and the Governors of Madras. Three zamindars (Ananda Gajapati Raju of Vizianagaram, the Maharaja of Bobbili and the Raja of Venkatagiri), Dowleswaram and its anicut, Venkatagiri, Anantapur and Chittoor; Bhadrachalam extended; a map of the districts with the year each was formed, and nine pictures, among them census maps of 1921 and 1931 and a famine-relief scene at Bellary in 1877.

British Crown (Madras Presidency), Ananda Gajapati Raju, Venkata Swetachalapati Ranga Rao of Bobbili, Rajagopala Krishna Yachendra of Venkatagiri, Dowleswaram anicut, Dowleswaram, Bhadrachalam, The Telugu districts of the Madras Presidency (1858–1947)

Timeline: the date of the transfer to the Crown, and Bhadrachalam

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 13:40:00 GMT

Before: The British Crown's bar said the Company's territories were transferred to the Crown on 1 November 1858, and the Crown had no bar in the Telangana lane. Now: The note gives both dates the sources give: the Act of 2 August 1858 and the Queen's proclamation of 4 November (Maclean), and the transfer of the territories on 1 November (Sewell). A new Partial bar in the Telangana lane, 1860–1947, shows the Bhadrachalam and Rekapalli taluks, ceded by the Nizam on 26 December 1860 and governed from the Central Provinces until 1874, then from Madras.

Timeline: the Milestones key stays in view

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 13:30:00 GMT

The Milestones list runs to some 345 entries, so its key (rise of a power, end of a power, inscription, monument) now stays pinned under the header while you scroll.

The French, English and Dutch East India Companies in the Telugu country, to 1858

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 13:20:00 GMT

Three new dynasty pages. The French: the factories at Masulipatam and Yanam, the grants of 1750–1753, Bussy's government of the Northern Circars from Rajahmundry, Bobbili (1757), Forde's victory at Condore and the storming of Masulipatam (1758–59), the treaty of 1759, and Yanam until 1954. The English: the Masulipatam factory of 1611 and the early factories, the Madras grant, the cessions of 1759, 1765–68, 1788, 1800 and 1801, the Chiefs and Councils and the Circuit Committee, Padmanabham (1794), Munro and the ryotwari settlement in the Ceded Districts, the permanent settlement of 1802–03, the Guntur famine and Cotton's anicuts, to the Crown's take-over in 1858. The Dutch: their factories from Masulipatam to Bimlipatam and why they were not a territorial power. Seven people (Dupleix, Bussy, Forde, Munro, Cotton, Vijayarama Raju of Vizianagaram and Gopalakrishna Ranga Rao of Bobbili), nine places from Yanam to Padmanabham, the Dutch cemetery at Machilipatnam, two maps and six pictures.

French East India Company, East India Company, Dutch East India Company, Charles de Bussy, Sir Thomas Munro, Yanam, Bobbili, Dutch tombs, Machilipatnam, The East India Company in the Telugu country (1759–1858), The French in the Northern Circars (1750–1759)

Timeline: Bussy's possession of the Circars, and French Yanam

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 13:10:00 GMT

Before: The French East India Company's bar said that Bussy was "in possession by 1757", and the bar ended in 1759 with the note "Yanam remained French". Now: The note now says that Bussy took possession of the four Circars in person from July 1754, after the grant of December 1753. Yanam, French territory of about 2,258 acres on the Godavari, is drawn as two "Partial (Yanam only)" spans: about 1765–1793 (reoccupied after the peace of 1763; the French possessions were also in English hands in 1778–83) and 1817–1954 (handed back in 1817 after English occupation from 1793, and taken over by the Government of India from 1 November 1954).

Marco Polo's "Mutfili": the Kakatiya identification is Yule's

Tue, 13 Oct 2026 13:00:00 GMT

Before: Ten pages said that Marco Polo described the Kakatiya kingdom, or that he praised Rudramadevi, citing only the pages of his text (Yule and Cordier, Vol. II, pp. 359–361). Now: Polo's text names only a kingdom called Mutfili and an unnamed queen. The pages now say that his editor Henry Yule (and, on two pages, E. Hultzsch) identified Mutfili as the Kakatiya kingdom, named after its port of Motupalli, and the queen as Rudramadevi, and they cite Yule's note on p. 362. Changed on the Daily life, Crafts and textiles, Trade and economy and Inscriptions and sources themes, the Kakatiya era and dynasty pages, Rudramadevi, Motupalli and the Motupalli inscription.

Timeline: the end of Morari Rao's Gooty and of Shitab Khan's Warangal

Mon, 12 Oct 2026 23:10:00 GMT

Before: Morari Rao of Gooty's bar ended in 1775, the year the Anantapur gazetteer gives for the fall of Gooty. Now: The bar ends in 1776. The gazetteer's own account of the siege follows Wilks, who dates the surrender to early April 1776, and Grant Duff, Sewell's lists and the gazetteer's entry for Madakasira also give 1776. Both years are set out on the dynasty page. Before: Shitab Khan's bar in Telangana ended in 1512. Now: The bar ends about 1516. 1512 is only Sastri's inference that Sultan Quli retook Warangal soon after his victory of 1512; the Hyderabad archaeological report for 1925–26 dates the loss of Warangal to 1513–1516, the Kistna manual places the war after 1516, and Bilgrami gives 1519–1525. The range is set out on the dynasty page.

Small states: Banganapalle, Morari Rao of Gooty and Shitab Khan of Warangal

Mon, 12 Oct 2026 23:00:00 GMT

Three new dynasty pages. Banganapalle: Muhammad Beg Khan's jagir and the Nizam's confirmation, Tipu's occupation (1783–1790) and the fight at Tammadapalle, the Company's control from 1800, the Madras management of the indebted jagir, the sanads of 1849, 1862 and 1876, the deposition of 1905 and the take-over of 1948, with ten rulers and eight points where the sources disagree. Morari Rao Ghorpade: the Maratha horse at Trichinopoly and Arcot, the seat at Gooty, tribute from the Anantapur poligars and the siege of Gooty that ended his state in 1776. Shitab Khan (Sitapati): the former Bahmani officer who took Warangal fort in 1504, his pillar inscription and hall, his Gajapati allies and his defeat by Sultan Quli. Six people, Banganapalle, the 1504 inscription and Shitab Khan's hall; three maps, three family trees and two photographs of the Nawabs of Banganapalle. Family trees now carry a married-in partner's children under the spouse they are drawn beside.

Banganapalle State, Morari Rao of Gooty, Shitab Khan of Warangal, Morari Rao Ghorpade, Shitab Khan (Sitapati) of Warangal, Banganapalle, Warangal pillar inscription of Shitab Khan (1504), Shitab Khan's hall, Warangal, Banganapalle State

Timeline: the Arcot and Cuddapah Nawabs' spans

Mon, 12 Oct 2026 20:10:00 GMT

Before: The Nawabs of Arcot's bar in coastal Andhra began in 1753, and the Nawabs of Cuddapah's bar ended in 1780. Now: The Arcot bar begins about 1710, when Saadatullah Khan became Nawab (1713 in Wilks) and his fauzdar governed Nellore; 1753 was only the first year the Imperial Gazetteer mentions the Nawab's brother at Nellore. The Cuddapah bar ends in 1779, when the Nawab surrendered to Haidar Ali at Sidhout (Wilks, 27 May 1779); 1780 rests on the gazetteer's reading of 'the following year'. Both disagreements are set out on the dynasty pages.

Nawabs of the Carnatic (Arcot), Cuddapah and Kurnool

Mon, 12 Oct 2026 20:00:00 GMT

Three new dynasty pages. Arcot: the Nawabs' government of Nellore, Ongole, Udayagiri and the Palnad, Najib-ullah's rebellion at Nellore in 1757, the assignments of revenue to the Company and the treaty of 1801. Cuddapah: Abdul Nabi Khan's garrisons from Sidhout to Gurramkonda, the Nawab killed by Balwant Rao in 1757, Halim Khan's release in 1761 and his surrender to Haidar Ali in 1779. Kurnool: Daud Khan's grant, Himmat Bahadur Khan and the killing of Muzaffar Jang in 1751, the French storm of the fort, the Company's tribute and the annexation of 1839. Ten people, Arcot and Lakkireddipalle; Kurnool, Nellore and Ongole extended; a map, three family trees and eight portraits, coins, plans and maps.

Nawabs of the Carnatic (Arcot), Nawabs of Cuddapah, Nawabs of Kurnool, Muhammad Ali Khan Walajah, Nellore, The Nawabs in the Telugu country (c. 1714–1801)

Timeline: Mysore's span in Rayalaseema

Mon, 12 Oct 2026 14:20:00 GMT

Before: The Mysore bar began in 1761, dated Gooty's capture to 1775 only, and said Haidar levied tribute on Kurnool in 1755. Now: The bar begins in 1762, the year of Haidar's first conquests in the Telugu country (Penukonda and Madakasira); Gooty is dated April 1776 with the gazetteer's 1775 noted; the 1755 Kurnool tribute is dropped from the bar, since Haidar was not yet master of Mysore then and Wilks dates his first levy on Kurnool to 1769. The disagreement is set out on the dynasty page.

Gooty: to the Nizam in 1799, to the Company in 1800

Mon, 12 Oct 2026 14:10:00 GMT

Before: The summary said Gooty fell to Haidar Ali in 1776 and to the Company in 1799. Now: After Tipu Sultan's death in 1799 Gooty went to the Nizam by the partition treaty, and to the Company with the Ceded Districts in 1800. The summary also notes that the Anantapur gazetteer dates Haidar's capture to 1775.

Mysore under Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan (c. 1762–1799)

Mon, 12 Oct 2026 14:00:00 GMT

New dynasty page on Haidar's and Tipu's conquests in Rayalaseema: Penukonda and Madakasira (1762), Gurramkonda and Mir Sahib, Bellary and Gooty (1775–76), Cuddapah and Sidhout (1779), Adoni (1786), the treaty schedules of 1792 and 1799 and the Ceded Districts of 1800, Tipu's mints at Gooty (Faiz Hisar) and Gurramkonda (Zafarabad), and eight points where the sources disagree. Pages for Haidar Ali, Tipu Sultan, Mir Sahib and Qamar-ud-din Khan; Kadapa, Bellary, Madakasira, Tadpatri and Siddhavatam; Gooty and Adoni extended; a map, a family tree and 15 portraits, views and coins. Family trees now place a relative who has no parents in the tree in the row of their brother or sister.

Mysore under Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan, Haidar Ali, Tipu Sultan, Kadapa (Cuddapah), Gooty, Mysore and the Telugu country (1762–1800)

Telugu Cholas: how far apart the datings are

Mon, 12 Oct 2026 10:30:00 GMT

Before: The page said the same king had been placed in three different centuries. Now: The three datings it lists (about 625, about 740 and the end of the 8th century) fall in two centuries, so it now says the king has been given three different dates, from about 625 to the end of the 8th century.

At a glance on all 55 long pages

Mon, 12 Oct 2026 10:00:00 GMT

Every page over about 1,500 words now opens with six main points, each linked to the notes that support it: 27 dynasties, 6 eras, 12 themes, 8 people and 2 monuments.

Kakatiyas, Vijayanagara Empire, Reform, freedom & people's movements, Crafts & textiles, Krishnadeva Raya

Marathas and the Telugu country (c. 1660–1818)

Mon, 12 Oct 2026 06:00:00 GMT

New dynasty page: Shivaji's 1677 alliance with Golconda, his visit to Hyderabad and pilgrimage to Srisailam, the march through the Cuddapah country and the siege of Bellary; chauth and sardeshmukhi; the Peshwas against the Nizams (Palkhed, Udgir, Rakshasbhuvan, Kharda); the Bhonsle raid on the Northern Circars; Gurramkonda and Punganur; a map of the 1677 march, a family tree and nine portraits and maps, among them Manucci's portrait of Madanna.

Marathas and the Telugu country, Shivaji, Srisailam, Gurramkonda, The Marathas and the Telugu country (1677–1818)

At a glance on long pages; key facts for dynasties; clearer Notes and Sources; a year scale on top of the timeline

Mon, 12 Oct 2026 05:00:00 GMT

Long pages get an At a glance box of main points, each linked to the page's notes (first on the Asaf Jahi page, more to follow). Dynasty sidebars show the first and last ruler, the number of rulers and the regions held. The collapsed Notes and Sources sections are marked in the link colour. The era timeline has its year scale along the top as well as the bottom. The About page describes the current features and licence.

Trilinga panel shortened, with a citation on every sentence

Sun, 11 Oct 2026 23:00:00 GMT

The home-page panel now says the same in two short paragraphs, each sentence numbered to its sources in a collapsible list; no fact changed. The Godavari Telaganya tradition and the Ptolemy reading moved to a new section on the Vidyanatha page, with all the readings of Kaleshvara.

Vidyanatha

Adil Shahis of Bijapur and the Telugu country (c. 1490–1686)

Sun, 11 Oct 2026 22:00:00 GMT

New dynasty page with the Raichur doab wars, Talikota and Bijapur's advance into Rayalaseema; eight sultans and four commanders and governors; Adoni rewritten with its sieges and governors; the Adoni Jama Masjid (1666–67) and Abdul Wahab's tomb at Kurnool (1618); Kurnool and Bijapur place pages; a map after the 1866 Taylor and Fergusson map; family tree; 22 coins, portraits and photographs.

Adil Shahis of Bijapur, Adoni, Kurnool, Jama Masjid, Adoni, Ibrahim Adil Shah II, The Adil Shahis of Bijapur and the Telugu country (1489–1686)

This page: Updates & corrections

Sun, 11 Oct 2026 21:00:00 GMT

A dated list of what is added in each batch and every correction to a fact on a page, with an RSS feed and the latest three on the home page.

Trilinga: both identifications of the third temple

Sun, 11 Oct 2026 18:00:00 GMT

Before: The home-page panel named the three lingas as Srisailam, Kalahasti and Draksharama, following the Madras gazetteers of 1907 and 1908. Now: It now quotes the oldest source, Vidyanatha's Prataparudriya, which names Srisaila, Kaleshvara and Draksharama, and gives both readings of Kaleshvara: Kaleshwaram on the Godavari (Wilson 1828, Arden and the Nellore manual 1873, Siraj ul Hassan 1920, Chenchiah 1928) and Kalahasti (Trivedi 1909 and the gazetteers). The map shows both places.

Asaf Jahi Nizams of Hyderabad (1724–1948)

Sun, 11 Oct 2026 16:00:00 GMT

Dynasty page rewritten and three times longer; the ten Nizams and four ministers; Chowmahalla, Falaknuma, the Residency and five more monuments; the samasthans; a map of the Nizam's Dominions after the 1909 Imperial Gazetteer; family tree; 14 portraits and photographs from Pictorial Hyderabad (1929).

Asaf Jahis (Nizams of Hyderabad), Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah I (Mir Qamar-ud-din), Mir Osman Ali Khan (Asaf Jah VII), Salar Jung I (Mir Turab Ali Khan), Chowmahalla Palace, The Nizam's Dominions (1724–1948)

The Mughal Deccan and the Telugu country (c. 1636–1724)

Sun, 11 Oct 2026 14:00:00 GMT

New dynasty page, six people from Aurangzeb to Sarvai Papadu, a map, and 16 coins and portraits.

Mughals in the Telugu country, Aurangzeb (Alamgir), Sarvaya Papadu (Pap Rai)

Full screen and Save as for every map, timeline, reign chart and family tree; references moved to the end of each page

Sun, 11 Oct 2026 12:00:00 GMT

Drawings can be opened full screen and saved as PNG or SVG, with a credit line. Notes and sources now sit in a collapsed References block at the end of each page, with previews on hover, and pages have previous and next links. The site's own text, maps, family trees and timelines are licensed CC BY-SA 4.0.

Qutb Shahis of Golconda

Sun, 11 Oct 2026 11:00:00 GMT

Dynasty page rewritten; eight new people; nine monuments, six inscriptions and three places; a map, family tree and 43 images.

Qutb Shahis

Era timeline: three duplicated bars merged

Sun, 11 Oct 2026 09:00:00 GMT

Before: The Pallavas in Rayalaseema, the Badami Chalukyas on the coast and Vijayanagara in Telangana were each drawn twice. Now: Each now has one bar, with the sources of both entries.

Vijayanagara and the Telugu country

Sun, 11 Oct 2026 08:00:00 GMT

Dynasty page, 13 people and a 57-person family tree; 14 records, 11 places and 8 monuments; a campaign map and 54 images.

Vijayanagara Empire, Krishnadeva Raya

Bahmani Sultanate and the Gajapatis of Orissa in the Telugu country

Sun, 11 Oct 2026 07:00:00 GMT

Bahmani dynasty page rewritten with six new people and Bhongir; the Gajapatis with four kings, eight records and a campaign map.

Bahmanis, Gajapatis of Orissa

Reddis of Kondaveedu and Rajahmundry; Recherla Velamas

Sun, 11 Oct 2026 06:00:00 GMT

Two Reddi dynasty pages, the Velamas of Rachakonda and Devarakonda, 14 people, 16 records, forts, maps and family trees.

Reddis of Kondaveedu, Reddis of Rajahmundry, Recherla Velamas

Kakatiyas

Sat, 10 Oct 2026 18:00:00 GMT

Dynasty page expanded; 11 people, 30 inscriptions, 21 places and 13 monuments and tanks, including the Kirti Toranas; a records map and 94 images. The Delhi Sultanate in the Telugu country and the Musunuri Nayakas followed.

Kakatiyas, Delhi Sultanate in the Telugu country, Musunuri Nayakas

Rashtrakutas, Kalyani Chalukyas, Vemulavada and Mudigonda Chalukyas, the Cholas of the Telugu country, Velanati and Kandur Chodas, Kotas, Haihayas, Eastern Gangas

Sat, 10 Oct 2026 12:00:00 GMT

Eleven dynasty pages with their rulers, records, temples, maps and family trees.

Rashtrakutas of Malkhed, Western Chalukyas of Kalyani, Chalukyas of Vemulavada, Chalukyas of Mudigonda, Telugu Cholas of Renadu, Telugu Chodas of Pottapi and Nellore, Velanati Chodas, Kandur Chodas, Kotas of Dharanikota, Haihayas of Kona and Palnadu, Eastern Gangas of Kalinga

Salankayanas, Vishnukundins, Pallavas, Badami Chalukyas and Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi

Sat, 10 Oct 2026 06:00:00 GMT

Five dynasty pages with their rulers and copper-plate charters; the Eastern Chalukyas with 23 rulers and figures, 34 charters, temples and 141 images; maps and family trees.

Salankayanas of Vengi, Vishnukundins, Pallavas, Chalukyas of Badami, Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi

Learn to read inscriptions

Fri, 09 Oct 2026 12:00:00 GMT

Twelve cited lessons, a glyph table, a script map and a year converter.

Mauryas, Satavahanas and Ikshvakus

Fri, 09 Oct 2026 08:00:00 GMT

The first three timeline packages: dynasty pages, rulers, inscriptions, coins, maps and family trees.

Mauryas, Satavahanas, Ikshvakus of Vijayapuri

First version of the site

Thu, 08 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT

Eras, themes, dynasties, people, places, monuments and inscriptions written from page-cited public-domain sources; the regional timeline, reign charts, maps and a gallery of reviewed images.