Study guides
Andhra State & Andhra Pradesh
1953–2014 CE
This guide organises pages on this site; every fact is on the linked pages with its sources.
In brief
The Andhra State began on 1 October 1953, with its government at Kurnool. On 1 November 1956 the Telangana districts of Hyderabad State were joined to it to form Andhra Pradesh, with Hyderabad city as the capital and safeguards for Telangana. Disputes over these safeguards led to the agitations of 1969 and 1972–73, the Six-Point Formula and Article 371D of the Constitution. The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act of 2014 divided the state again, into Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.
Key dates
Each date links to the page it comes from. "About" and "or" are kept where the page gives them.
| When | What happened |
|---|---|
| September 1952 | Students in Warangal begin an agitation against the employment of non-mulkis. It spreads to Hyderabad, where police firing leaves eight people dead. Andhra State & Andhra Pradesh |
| 1 October 1953 | The Andhra State comes into being, with eleven districts and three taluks of Bellary, and its government at Kurnool. Andhra State & Andhra Pradesh |
| 15 November 1954 | After a vote of no confidence, the Governor takes over the administration of the Andhra State. Mid-term elections follow early in 1955. Andhra State & Andhra Pradesh |
| 1955 | The States Reorganisation Commission proposes that Telangana stay a separate Hyderabad State for the present. Andhra State & Andhra Pradesh |
| 20 February 1956 | Leaders of the two states meet in New Delhi and agree on safeguards for Telangana in one state, the Gentlemen's Agreement. Andhra State & Andhra Pradesh |
| 1 November 1956 | Andhra Pradesh is formed, with Hyderabad city as its capital, and Neelam Sanjiva Reddy and his ministers take the oath. Andhra State & Andhra Pradesh |
| 1 February 1958 | The regional committee for the Telangana area comes into being under the Andhra Pradesh Regional Committee Order. Andhra State & Andhra Pradesh |
| January 1960 | Damodaram Sanjivayya becomes the second Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, at the age of 38. Damodaram Sanjivayya |
| 1962 | The whole state votes together in an assembly election for the first time. Legislatures & government, 1952–2014 |
| 28 March 1969 | The Supreme Court strikes down the residence rules of the 1957 Act for the Telangana area. Andhra State & Andhra Pradesh |
| 11 April 1969 | Prime Minister Indira Gandhi announces eight measures on Telangana in the Lok Sabha and appeals for the agitation to end. Andhra State & Andhra Pradesh |
| 25 October 1969 | The Bhargava committee reports, putting Telangana's unspent surplus from 1956–57 to 1967–68 at Rs. 2,834.31 lakh. Andhra State & Andhra Pradesh |
| September 1971 | K. Brahmananda Reddy resigns, and P. V. Narasimha Rao becomes the first Chief Minister from Telangana. The Telangana and Jai Andhra agitations, 1969–1973 |
| 3 October 1972 | The Supreme Court holds that the Mulki rules are still in force in Telangana. An agitation against them begins in the Andhra region. Andhra State & Andhra Pradesh |
| 18 January 1973 | After Chief Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao resigns, the President takes over the government of the state under Article 356. Andhra State & Andhra Pradesh |
| 21 September 1973 | Leaders of Andhra Pradesh agree on the Six-Point Formula for balanced development and equal chances in education and jobs. Andhra State & Andhra Pradesh |
| 18 December 1973 | The Lok Sabha passes the constitutional amendment that adds Articles 371D and 371E, by 311 votes to 8. Andhra State & Andhra Pradesh |
| 9 January 1983 | N. T. Rama Rao becomes Chief Minister after his new Telugu Desam Party wins 202 of the 294 assembly seats. N. T. Rama Rao |
| 30 December 2010 | The Srikrishna Committee, set up in February 2010, submits its report with six options. Andhra State & Andhra Pradesh |
| 2 June 2014 | On the appointed day of the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014, the State of Telangana is formed, and Hyderabad becomes the common capital for up to ten years. Andhra State & Andhra Pradesh |
Main points
From the era page: Andhra State & Andhra Pradesh
- The Andhra State came into being on 1 October 1953. It had eleven districts and three taluks of Bellary, and its government was based at Kurnool. Madras city was left out.
- The States Reorganisation Commission of 1955 proposed that Telangana stay a separate Hyderabad State for the present. It could join Andhra after the elections expected around 1961, but only if its legislature voted for it by a two-thirds majority.
- In February 1956 leaders of the two states agreed on safeguards for Telangana within a single state. This was the Gentlemen's Agreement. It included a regional committee, and Telangana's surplus revenue was to be kept for its development.
- Andhra Pradesh was formed on 1 November 1956. The Telangana districts of Hyderabad State were joined to the Andhra State, with Hyderabad city as the capital.
- The safeguards stayed in dispute. A central committee of 1969 looked at Telangana's unspent surplus revenue. The Six-Point Formula of 1973 was given effect by Articles 371D and 371E of the Constitution.
- The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 formed a new State of Telangana. It made Hyderabad the common capital of both states for up to ten years.
From other pages of the period
- He became the first Chief Minister of the Andhra State, whose government began work at Kurnool on 1 October 1953. His ministry lost a vote of no confidence, and on 15 November 1954 the Governor took over the powers of the state. Tanguturi Prakasam
- After the first general elections of March 1952, a ministry was formed under him. In the Assembly he called the communist armed struggle in Telangana a war against the government, not a peasants' struggle for land. Burgula Ramakrishna Rao
- When the Andhra State was formed in 1953, its Legislative Assembly was given 140 seats. A new delimitation raised this to 196 seats for the election of 1955. Legislatures & government, 1952–2014
- In 1957 only the Telangana area elected members to the Andhra Pradesh Assembly. The members elected in the Andhra area in 1955 continued until 1962, when the whole state voted together for the first time. Legislatures & government, 1952–2014
- On 1 November 1956 he became the first Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh. The state magazine says that in a radio talk that day he promised to carry out the terms of the union to the letter. Assembly papers of August 1958 still show him as Chief Minister. Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
- He became the second Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh in January 1960, at the age of 38. Venkataramarao calls him the first Harijan Chief Minister in the country. Damodaram Sanjivayya
- Political leaders then took over through the Telangana Praja Samiti, with Dr M. Chenna Reddy as president. G. Venkataramarao writes that about 400 agitators died and Telangana's schools and colleges stayed shut for nine months. The Telangana and Jai Andhra agitations, 1969–1973
- After the Supreme Court upheld the Mulki rules on 3 October 1972, the Jai Andhra movement demanded a separate Andhra state. A meeting at Tirupati on 31 December 1972 called for a no-tax campaign, and President's rule began on 18 January 1973. The Telangana and Jai Andhra agitations, 1969–1973
- N. T. Rama Rao was a film actor from Krishna district. He founded the Telugu Desam Party in 1982 with the call to protect the self-respect of the Telugu people. N. T. Rama Rao
- New districts were formed: Khammam in 1953, Prakasam in 1970, and Vizianagaram and Rangareddi a few years later. The census of 1981 counted 23 districts. How the map changed
Key terms
- taluk తాలూకా
- sub-district
- mandals మండలాలు
- sub-districts
- tahsildar తహసీల్దార్
- taluk revenue officer
- banjar బంజర్
- uncultivated government lands
- mulki ముల్కీ
- non-mulkis are people not native to the state
- domicile డొమిసైల్
- settled home
- non-gazetted నాన్-గెజిటెడ్
- lower-grade
- jurists న్యాయ నిపుణులు
- legal experts
- President's rule రాష్ట్రపతి పాలన
- the President taking over a state's government under Article 356
- governor-designate కాబోయే గవర్నర్
- chosen as the next governor
People, places, monuments and inscriptions to know
People
- Potti Sriramulu
- Tanguturi Prakasam
- Burgula Ramakrishna Rao
- Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
- K. V. Ranga Reddy
- Marri Chenna Reddy
- Alluri Satyanarayana Raju
- Damodaram Sanjivayya
- P. V. Narasimha Rao
- J. Vengala Rao
- T. Anjaiah
- N. T. Rama Rao
- Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy
- Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy
Places
Themes
Maps and the timeline
- The making of Andhra Pradesh (1953–1956)
- New districts of Andhra Pradesh (1953–1979)
- Districts of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, 2022
- Districts of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, 2025
Swipe sideways to see the whole chart; tap a bar for details.
Each bar is a ruling power in its region; time runs left to right. Dashed = approximate dates. Select a bar for details.
Show as a list
Mughals, Asaf Jahis & the British 1687–1948 CE
- Telangana
- Asaf Jahi Nizams of Hyderabad (1724–1948 CE) · British Crown (Madras Presidency) (1860–1947 CE)
- Coastal Andhra
- French East India Company (1817–1954 CE) · British Crown (Madras Presidency) (1858–1947 CE) · Madras State (1947–1953 CE)
- Rayalaseema
- Banganapalle State (c. 1724–1948 CE) · British Crown (Madras Presidency) (1858–1947 CE) · Madras State (1947–1953 CE)
- Movements
- Godavari hill risings (1879–1881 CE) · Vandemataram and Swadeshi (1905–1911 CE) · Non-cooperation (1920–1922 CE) · Salt satyagraha (1930 CE) · Hyderabad State Congress satyagraha (1938–1946 CE) · Andhra movement (c. 1911–1953 CE) · Andhra Jana Sangham and Andhra Mahasabha (1921–1946 CE) · Rampa rebellion (Alluri Sitarama Raju) (1922–1924 CE) · Quit India (1942 CE) · Telangana armed struggle (1946–1951 CE)
Reform, freedom & people's movements 1850–1956 CE
- Telangana
- Asaf Jahi Nizams of Hyderabad (1724–1948 CE) · British Crown (Madras Presidency) (1860–1947 CE) · Hyderabad State (Indian Union) (1948–1956 CE)
- Coastal Andhra
- French East India Company (1817–1954 CE) · British Crown (Madras Presidency) (1858–1947 CE) · Andhra State (1953–1956 CE) · Madras State (1947–1953 CE)
- Rayalaseema
- Banganapalle State (c. 1724–1948 CE) · Andhra State (1953–1956 CE) · British Crown (Madras Presidency) (1858–1947 CE) · Madras State (1947–1953 CE)
- Movements
- Godavari hill risings (1879–1881 CE) · Vandemataram and Swadeshi (1905–1911 CE) · Non-cooperation (1920–1922 CE) · Salt satyagraha (1930 CE) · Hyderabad State Congress satyagraha (1938–1946 CE) · Andhra movement (c. 1911–1953 CE) · Andhra Jana Sangham and Andhra Mahasabha (1921–1946 CE) · Rampa rebellion (Alluri Sitarama Raju) (1922–1924 CE) · Quit India (1942 CE) · Telangana armed struggle (1946–1951 CE)
Andhra State & Andhra Pradesh 1953–2014 CE
- Telangana
- Andhra Pradesh (united) (1956–2014 CE) · Hyderabad State (Indian Union) (1948–1956 CE)
- Coastal Andhra
- French East India Company (1817–1954 CE) · Andhra Pradesh (united) (1956–2014 CE) · Andhra State (1953–1956 CE)
- Rayalaseema
- Andhra State (1953–1956 CE) · Andhra Pradesh (united) (1956–2014 CE)
- Movements
- Telangana movement (c. 1969–1973 CE) · Jai Andhra movement (c. 1972–1973 CE)
Kingdoms and empires
Asaf Jahi Nizams of Hyderabad
Open page- Telangana: 1724–1948 CE (224 years)
Asaf Jah, viceroy of the Deccan from 1713, independent after defeating Mubariz Khan at Shakar Kheda (11 October 1724 in Irvine; 1723 in Gribble); Telangana remained the Telugu heart of the Nizam's Dominions, with the samasthans of Gadwal, Wanaparthy, Jatprole, Amarchinta and Palvancha as tributary estates. Regular districts were formed in 1865-66 and the Telugu divisions surveyed and settled by 1905; the districts were redrawn in 1905 and an Executive Council governed from November 1919. The Standstill Agreement with India was signed on 29 November 1947. Indian troops entered the state on 13 September 1948 (the Police Action); the Nizam ordered a ceasefire on 17 September, and a military governor took charge on 18 September
- Coastal Andhra: 1724–1753 CE (29 years)
The Nizam's governor at Rajahmundry collected the tribute of the coastal zamindars; Masulipatam granted to the French by Muzaffar Jang in 1750 and the lands of Nizampatnam and Kondavid by Salabat Jang in 1751; the four Circars of Mustafanagar, Ellore, Rajahmundry and Chicacole assigned to the French on 4 December 1753 to pay Bussy's army
- Rayalaseema: c. 1724–1800 CE (c. 76 years)
Nominal over much of the region (Kurnool and Cuddapah Nawabs, Maratha tribute, Morari Rao at Gooty, Haidar Ali from 1761); the Nizam gained Tipu Sultan's districts by the treaties of 1792 and 1799 and ceded them to the Company by the treaty of 12 October 1800 to pay the subsidiary force (the Ceded Districts)
- Coastal Andhra: 1759–1788 CE (29 years)
Guntur (Murtazanagar) stayed with the Nizam's brother Basalat Jang after the French were driven out; it was excluded from the cessions of 1766 and 1768, rented by the Company in 1779 and restored, and handed over to the Company only in 1788; the Nizam's claims to the Circars' payments were bought out in 1823
Rulers (10)
Capitals
Monuments (11)
Inscriptions
Sources (16)
Indian states (1947 onward)
Andhra Pradesh (united)
Open page- Telangana: 1956–2014 CE (58 years)
Formed on 1 November 1956; divided into Telangana and Andhra Pradesh in 2014
- Coastal Andhra: 1956–2014 CE (58 years)
Formed on 1 November 1956; divided into Telangana and Andhra Pradesh in 2014
- Rayalaseema: 1956–2014 CE (58 years)
Formed on 1 November 1956; divided into Telangana and Andhra Pradesh in 2014
Sources (4)
Colonial powers
British Crown (Madras Presidency)
Open page- Coastal Andhra: 1858–1947 CE (89 years)
The East India Company's government passed to the Crown by Act of Parliament of 2 August 1858 (Maclean); the Queen's proclamation is dated 4 November (Maclean) and the transfer of the Company's territories 1 November 1858 (Sewell). Ruled through the Governor in Council at Madras, the Board of Revenue and district Collectors. Godavari and Kistna were formed in December 1859, Guntur in 1904 and West Godavari, from the old Kistna, in 1925; the hill tracts of Vizagapatam and Godavari were governed as Agencies under special laws (1839, 1879). Ended with independence in 1947
- Rayalaseema: 1858–1947 CE (89 years)
The Ceded Districts and the Carnatic districts passed to the Crown with the rest of the Company's territories in 1858. Kurnool was made a full Collectorate in 1858, Anantapur was separated from Bellary in 1882 and Chittoor was formed on 1 April 1911; the state of Banganapalle stayed under the Madras Government until the 1920s, when it was placed under an Agent to the Governor-General. Ended with independence in 1947
- Telangana: 1860–1947 CE (87 years)
Partial (the Bhadrachalam and Rekapalli taluks only): ceded by the Nizam by the treaty of 26 December 1860; administered until 1874 as part of the Upper Godavari district of the Central Provinces, then transferred to the Godavari district of Madras and made part of the Godavari Agency in 1879
Rulers (22)
- Lord Harris (1854–1859 CE)
- Sir Charles Trevelyan (1859–1860 CE)
- Sir Henry Ward (1860 CE)
- Sir William Denison (1861–1866 CE)
- Lord Napier (Madras) (1866–1872 CE)
- Lord Hobart (1872–1875 CE)
… and 16 more
- Duke of Buckingham and Chandos (1875–1880 CE)
- W. P. Adam (1880–1881 CE)
- Sir Mountstuart Grant Duff (1881–1886 CE)
- Robert Bourke (Lord Connemara) (1886–1890 CE)
- Lord Wenlock (1891–1896 CE)
- Sir Arthur Havelock (1896–1900 CE)
- Lord Ampthill (1900–1906 CE)
- Sir Arthur Lawley (1906–1911 CE)
- Sir Thomas Gibson-Carmichael (1911–1912 CE)
- Lord Pentland (1912–1919 CE)
- Lord Willingdon (1919–1924 CE)
- Viscount Goschen (1924–1929 CE)
- Sir George Stanley (1929–1934 CE)
- Lord Erskine (1934–1940 CE)
- Sir Arthur Hope (1940–1946 CE)
- Sir Archibald Nye (1946–1947 CE)
Sources (11)
Indian states (1947 onward)
Hyderabad State (Indian Union)
Open page- Telangana: 1948–1956 CE (8 years)
Under Indian administration after the Police Action of September 1948: governed by a Military Governor, and from 1 December 1949 by a civil Chief Minister. It became a Part B State of the Indian Union when the Constitution came into force on 26 January 1950, with the Nizam as Rajpramukh; the first elected ministry took office after the elections of March 1952. Trifurcated on 1 November 1956, when its Telangana districts joined Andhra Pradesh
Sources (6)
Indian states (1947 onward)
Telangana
Open page- Telangana: 2014–present (since 2014)
State of Telangana from 2014
Sources (1)
Colonial powers
French East India Company
Open page- Coastal Andhra: 1750–1759 CE (9 years)
Partial at first (Masulipatam and the island of Divi, seized in July 1750 under Muzaffar Jang's grant; Nizampatnam, Narsapur and Kondavid added by Salabat Jang in 1751-52); from December 1753 the four Northern Circars of Mustafanagar (Kondapalli), Ellore, Rajahmundry and Chicacole, granted for the pay of Bussy's army and settled by Bussy in person from July 1754. Forde routed the French at Condore (Chandurti) on 9 December 1758 and stormed Masulipatam on 7-8 April 1759; by the treaty of May 1759 Salabat Jang ceded the Masulipatam country to the English and excluded the French from the Deccan
- Coastal Andhra: c. 1765–1793 CE (c. 28 years)
Partial (Yanam only): the French factory town on the Godavari, ceded to them in 1752, reoccupied after the peace of 1763 (the restored possessions 'were not occupied before 1765'); the French possessions were also in English hands in 1778-83
- Coastal Andhra: 1817–1954 CE (137 years)
Partial (Yanam only): occupied by the English from 1793 (except 1802-03) and handed back in 1817 under the treaties of 1814-15; about 2,258 acres. The Government of India took over the French Establishments, Yanam among them, from 1 November 1954 after the agreement with France of 21 October 1954
Rulers
Capitals
Sources (10)
Indian states (1947 onward)
Andhra State
Open page- Coastal Andhra: 1953–1956 CE (3 years)
Formed on 1 October 1953 from the Telugu districts of Madras State, with its capital at Kurnool; merged into Andhra Pradesh on 1 November 1956
- Rayalaseema: 1953–1956 CE (3 years)
Formed on 1 October 1953 from the Telugu districts of Madras State, with its capital at Kurnool; merged into Andhra Pradesh on 1 November 1956
Sources (7)
Indian states (1947 onward)
Andhra Pradesh
Open page- Coastal Andhra: 2014–present (since 2014)
Residuary state of Andhra Pradesh from 2014
- Rayalaseema: 2014–present (since 2014)
Residuary state of Andhra Pradesh from 2014
Sources (1)
Indian states (1947 onward)
Madras State
Open page- Coastal Andhra: 1947–1953 CE (6 years)
The Telugu districts remained in Madras Province (Madras State from 1950) until Andhra State was formed in 1953
- Rayalaseema: 1947–1953 CE (6 years)
The Telugu districts remained in Madras Province (Madras State from 1950) until Andhra State was formed in 1953
Sources (2)
Kingdoms and empires
Banganapalle State
Open page- Rayalaseema: c. 1724–1948 CE (c. 224 years)
Partial (a nawabi enclave of about 255 square miles round Banganapalle in the Kurnool district). Muhammad Beg Khan, Mughal killedar of Banganapalle from the late seventeenth century, became a petty Nawab when Asaf Jah made himself independent, and Asaf Jah confirmed the jagir. Tipu Sultan occupied it from 1783 until the family, with the Nizam's troops, won it back at Tammadapalle in 1790. In 1800 the Nizam transferred his control to the East India Company, which took no tribute; the Madras government managed the indebted jagir from 1825 (1832 in the Imperial Gazetteer) to 1848 and restored it by the sanad of 1849. The ruler became a hereditary Nawab in 1876; the Madras government took over the administration on 23 February 1948
Rulers (10)
- Muhammad Beg Khan of Banganapalle (c. 1724–1758 CE)
- Muhammad Beg Khan Laug (regent) (c. 1758–1766 CE)
- Fazl Ali Khan (Gulli Nawab) of Banganapalle (c. 1766–1782 CE)
- Husain Ali Khan of Banganapalle (c. 1782–1783 CE)
- Ghulam Ali Khan (Mansur-ud-daula) of Banganapalle (c. 1790–1821 CE)
- Husain Ali Khan II of Banganapalle (c. 1821–1848 CE)
Capitals
Sources (5)
Movements
Godavari hill risings
Open page- Coastal Andhra: 1858–1862 CE (4 years)
Subba Reddi's revolt near Yernagudem in 1858 and disturbances in the Rampa hills, 1858–1862
- Coastal Andhra: 1879–1881 CE (2 years)
The "Rampa rebellion" of 1879, put down in 1881 when its leader Chendrayya was killed
Sources (2)
Movements
Vandemataram and Swadeshi
Open page- Coastal Andhra: 1905–1911 CE (6 years)
Protests against the partition of Bengal; Bipin Chandra Pal's tour of the Telugu districts in April 1907
Sources (1)
Movements
Non-cooperation
Open page- Coastal Andhra: 1920–1922 CE (2 years)
Chirala–Perala (1921), the Palnadu forest satyagraha (1921) and the no-tax campaign of 1922 in Guntur district
Sources (1)
Movements
Salt satyagraha
Open page- Coastal Andhra: 1930 CE
Volunteers from district camps made salt on the coast at Machilipatnam, Chollangi, Mypadu, Vadarevu and elsewhere
Sources (1)
Movements
Hyderabad State Congress satyagraha
Open page- Telangana: 1938–1946 CE (8 years)
The Hyderabad State Congress, founded in 1938, was banned before its first meeting; its satyagraha began that year; the ban was lifted in 1946
Sources (1)
Movements
Telangana movement
Open page- Telangana: c. 1969–1973 CE (c. 4 years)
Agitation over the safeguards under way by January 1969 (all-party accord of 19 January; police firing at Godavarikhani on 31 January); statehood demanded at a convention of 8-9 March 1969; Prime Minister's statement of 11 April 1969 (Lok Sabha debates, 1969); Six-Point Formula of 21 September 1973
- Telangana: c. 2004–2014 CE (c. 10 years)
A "persistent demand" for a separate state acknowledged by the Home Ministry in the Lok Sabha on 13 July 2004 (its start is not dated in the sources used); the decision announced on 9 December 2009; the Srikrishna Committee, 2010; the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014, in force from 2 June 2014
Sources (12)
Movements
Andhra movement
Open page- Coastal Andhra: c. 1911–1953 CE (c. 42 years)
The demand for a separate Andhra province, from about 1911; Potti Sriramulu's fast and death in 1952; Andhra State formed on 1 October 1953
- Rayalaseema: c. 1911–1953 CE (c. 42 years)
The demand for a separate Andhra province, from about 1911; Potti Sriramulu's fast and death in 1952; Andhra State formed on 1 October 1953
Sources (3)
Movements
Jai Andhra movement
Open page- Coastal Andhra: c. 1972–1973 CE (c. 1 year)
The agitation in the Andhra region against the Mulki rules, which official records date from 25 October 1972, after the Supreme Court judgment of 3 October 1972 (Lok Sabha debates, 1972-73); President's rule from 18 January 1973; settled for the time being by the Six-Point Formula of 21 September 1973 and the end of President's rule on 10 December 1973
- Rayalaseema: c. 1972–1973 CE (c. 1 year)
The agitation in the Andhra region against the Mulki rules, which official records date from 25 October 1972, after the Supreme Court judgment of 3 October 1972 (Lok Sabha debates, 1972-73); President's rule from 18 January 1973; settled for the time being by the Six-Point Formula of 21 September 1973 and the end of President's rule on 10 December 1973
Sources (6)
Movements
Andhra Jana Sangham and Andhra Mahasabha
Open page- Telangana: 1921–1946 CE (25 years)
Founded in Hyderabad in November 1921; became the Andhra Mahasabha at Jogipet in 1930; its nationalist wing merged into the Hyderabad State Congress in 1946
Sources (1)
Movements
Rampa rebellion (Alluri Sitarama Raju)
Open page- Coastal Andhra: 1922–1924 CE (2 years)
Alluri Sitarama Raju's rising in the Godavari and Vizagapatam agencies, from the raid on Chintapalli police station on 22 August 1922 to his capture and death on 7 May 1924
Sources (1)
Movements
Quit India
Open page- Coastal Andhra: 1942 CE
The "Kurnool circular"; risings at Tenali, Chirala and Bhimavaram in August 1942
Sources (2)
Movements
Telangana armed struggle
Open page- Telangana: 1946–1951 CE (5 years)
Intensified from October 1946 in Jangaon and Bhongir taluks (Regani); called off by the Communist Party in 1951 (police history)
Sources (2)
Where historians disagree
These questions are still open. Each line links to the section of the page that gives both sides with their sources. They are useful for essay answers.
- Raghunadha Rao writes that the Assembly was dissolved in 1973, but the Home Ministry told the Lok Sabha that it was kept suspended, not dissolved. The Telangana and Jai Andhra agitations, 1969–1973
- Venkataramarao ends President's rule of 1973 on 13 December, while Raghunadha Rao and the Lok Sabha record give 10 December. The Telangana and Jai Andhra agitations, 1969–1973
- Bhaskara Rao gives the Communists 45 of 175 seats in Telangana in 1952, while a report of 1956 gives the People's Democratic Front 42 seats. Legislatures & government, 1952–2014
- The census Portrait of Population dates the forming of Rangareddi district to 25 August 1979, but the district's own census handbook gives 15 August 1978. How the map changed
- Venkataramarao dates the founding of the Telugu Desam to 29 March 1982, while Raghunadha Rao says Rama Rao announced the new party in May 1982. N. T. Rama Rao
- Members of the Lok Sabha blamed the Srikakulam rising on landlord terror or on people trained by Chinese agents, while Raghunadha Rao points to traders and moneylenders who exploited the hill people. The Srikakulam rising, 1967–1970
Practise
For teachers
Lesson outline
Period 1: From the Andhra State to Andhra Pradesh, 1953–1956 (45 minutes)
Read the opening and the first three sections of the era page (20 minutes). Put the commission's arguments for and against Vishalandhra in two columns on the board. Then read what the Gentlemen's Agreement provided for Telangana.
Read: Andhra State & Andhra Pradesh → Neelam Sanjiva Reddy → Burgula Ramakrishna Rao
Period 2: The safeguards in dispute, 1956–1974 (45 minutes)
Read "The safeguards in dispute" on the era page, then the page on the agitations of 1969–1973. Make a timeline on the board from the regional committee of 1958 to Article 371D in 1973.
Read: Andhra State & Andhra Pradesh → The Telangana and Jai Andhra agitations, 1969–1973
Period 3: The renewed demand and division, 2004–2014 (40 minutes)
Read the last two sections of the era page. List the six options of the Srikrishna Committee, and note what the Act of 2014 decided about Hyderabad and about seats in the legislatures.
Activities
- Map work: on the 1956 map, mark the eleven districts of the Andhra State and the Telangana districts joined to it. Then compare them with the districts of 2022. The making of Andhra Pradesh (1953–1956) · Districts of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, 2022
- Read a picture: this 1956 photograph shows Neelam Sanjiva Reddy taking the oath as Chief Minister. Find on the era page what he promised in his radio talk that day. Neelam Sanjiva Reddy taking the oath as Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh (1956) · Andhra State & Andhra Pradesh
- Make a timeline of the Mulki rules from the era page: the old Hyderabad rules, the Act of 1957, the judgments of 1969 and 1972, and their repeal in 1973. Andhra State & Andhra Pradesh
- Short debate: one side gives the States Reorganisation Commission's arguments for Vishalandhra, and the other the fears it recorded in Telangana. Use only the points listed on the era page. Andhra State & Andhra Pradesh
- Compare the two sides of the 2014 debate as the era page records them: what members from Telangana said, and what members from the coastal and Rayalaseema regions asked. Andhra State & Andhra Pradesh
Discussion questions
Every question can be answered from the page linked after it.
- Which districts made up the Andhra State of 1953, and where was its government? (Answer on: Andhra State & Andhra Pradesh)
- What fears in Telangana did the States Reorganisation Commission record? (Answer on: Andhra State & Andhra Pradesh)
- What did the Gentlemen's Agreement provide for Telangana, according to the 1969 version? (Answer on: Andhra State & Andhra Pradesh)
- What were the Mulki rules, and what did the Supreme Court decide about them in 1972? (Answer on: Andhra State & Andhra Pradesh)
- What did the Bhargava committee find, and what did it ask the state government to do? (Answer on: Andhra State & Andhra Pradesh)
- What were the four ideas behind the Six-Point Formula, according to the Home Minister? (Answer on: Andhra State & Andhra Pradesh)
- What six options did the Srikrishna Committee list? (Answer on: Andhra State & Andhra Pradesh)
- What did the Act of 2014 decide about Hyderabad and about seats in the Lok Sabha and the assemblies? (Answer on: Andhra State & Andhra Pradesh)