Monuments

Amaravati Mahachaitya

c. 200 BCE – 300 CE

The great Buddhist stupa of Amaravati on the Krishna, founded perhaps around 200 BCE and rebuilt with carved limestone rails in the 2nd–3rd centuries CE. From 1796 it was dug up for building material, and it is now known mainly from its scattered sculptures.

Bhattiprolu stupa

c. 200 BCE

Large brick Buddhist stupa in the Krishna delta, about 148 feet across at its base. Most of it was pulled down for road material and canal works in the 1870s. In 1892 A. Rea found three inscribed relic caskets of about 200 BCE in its core.

Jaggayyapeta stupa

c. 200 BCE

Small early Buddhist stupa on Dhana Bodu hill near Jaggayyapeta. Its old limestone casing slabs and Mauryan-type letters point to the 2nd century BCE. Pillar inscriptions of the Ikshvaku king Virapurushadatta record a later dedication.

Ghantasala stupa

c. 200 CE

Brick Buddhist stupa at Ghantasala in the Krishna delta, excavated by A. Rea in 1892. Its foundations show a solid core inside a ring of radiating cells. Rea dated it a little after the later work at Amaravati.

Padmakshi Temple, Hanamkonda

1117 CE

A small, plain temple on the hill south of Hanamkonda, now worshipped as the goddess Padmakshi. The inscribed pillar in front of it records that in December 1117, in the reign of the Kakatiya Prola II, Mailama, wife of the minister Beta, built a Jaina temple, the Kadalalaya-basadi, on the hill. H. Krishna Sastri took the temple to be that basadi and called it the earliest known building of the Kakatiya period.

Kondavidu fort

c. 1150 CE

Hill fortress on a small range of hills west of Guntur. It was the capital of the Reddi kings from the time of Anavema (after 1361) to the 1420s. The Imperial Gazetteer dates the fortress to the 12th century, and local chronicles credit Prolaya Vema with rebuilding its inner fort. Its walls run for miles along the tops of the hills. Orissa, Vijayanagara and Golconda fought over it until 1579.

Thousand Pillar Temple

1163 CE

The triple-shrined Rudreshvara temple at Hanamkonda, dedicated to Shiva, Vishnu and Surya. The Kakatiya ruler Rudradeva consecrated it in January 1163 and inscribed on it the record of his family's rise to power.

Temples of Nagunur

c. 1171 CE

Ruined temples at Nagunur, six miles north-east of Karimnagar. The chief one is a large triple-shrined Shiva temple of red stone and granite. Nagunur was the seat of Gangadhara, a minister of the Kakatiya king Rudradeva. According to P. V. Parabrahma Sastry, Gangadhara built Shiva temples there. An inscribed pillar said to come from Nagunur is dated 13 January 1171, in Rudradeva's time.

Temples of Pillalamarri

c. 1195 CE

Three twelfth- and thirteenth-century temples at Pillalamarri near Suryapet. Chiefs of the Recherla family, who served the Kakatiya kings, built them. A pillar inscription of 1195, in the reign of Rudradeva, records that Recherla Namireddi built three temples there. Another pillar, of 1208, stands beside the Somesvara temple. G. Yazdani surveyed them in 1926–27 and uncovered a painting of the churning of the ocean in one of them.

Choundesvara Temple, Kondaparti

1203 CE

A temple of Choundesvara and a tank, the Chaunda-samudra, at Kondaparti near Warangal. Both were built by Chaunda of the Malyala family, a general of the Kakatiya king Ganapatideva. His inscription there of 1203 records his part in Ganapatideva's conquest of the Divi island.

Ghanpur Temples (Kota Gullu)

c. 1213 CE

A walled group of twenty-two sandstone shrines at Ghanpur near Mulug, eight miles from Palampet. The main temple follows the plan of the Ramappa temple and has black-stone bracket figures like those at Palampet. Hyderabad's Archaeological Department made the group known in 1932–33. It found no inscription and dated it by its style to the time of the Palampet temples. P. V. Parabrahma Sastry gave it to the Kakatiya general Recherla Rudra.

Ramappa Lake

1213 CE

The large reservoir at Palampet beside which the Ramappa (Rudreshvara) temple stands. P. V. Parabrahma Sastry, following the temple's inscription of 1213, gives it to the Kakatiya general Recherla Rudra, who probably built it together with the temple. Hyderabad's Archaeological Department counted it among the great tanks of the Kakatiya rulers.

Ramappa Temple

1213 CE

The Rudreshvara temple at Palampet, founded by the Kakatiya general Recherla Rudra in 1213 beside the Ramappa lake. It is famous for its bracket figures, carved dark-stone pillars and lightweight brick tower. It has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2021.

Temples of Nagulapadu

c. 1234 CE

Two richly carved temples in the deserted walled town of Nagulapadu on the Musi, south of Suryapet. Members of the Recherla family built them in the reign of the Kakatiya king Ganapatideva. Inscriptions in them are dated 1234 and 1258, and a pillar before them names Prataparudra in 1303.

Upparapalli Temple

c. 1236 CE

A ruined triple-shrined Shiva temple at Uparpalli (Upparapalli) in the old Karimnagar district. A square pillar in front of it carries a Telugu inscription of 24 January 1236, in the reign of the Kakatiya king Ganapatideva. It records lands given to the god by Kataya, son of a minister of the general Recherla Rudra. Henry Cousens thought the temple was of the same age as those at Hanamkonda and Palampet.

Penukonda fort and Gagan Mahal

1354 CE

The hill fort of Penukonda, its half-circle of walls on the plain, the Gagan Mahal palace and the Rama and Isvara temples inside it. An inscription at the north gate dates the building of the fort to 25 March 1354, under Bukka I's son Virupanna. Another, of 1576–77, records that Channappa Nayudu built an inner fort, gates and bastions for Tirumala. The Gagan Mahal and its pavilion are in the arched 'Indo-Saracenic' style of the palace buildings at Hampi, and the two temples carry Ramayana and Purana reliefs.

Kondapalli fort

c. 1360 CE

Hill fortress north-west of Vijayawada, said to have been built by the Reddi kings of Kondavidu about 1360. It has lines of fortifications with bastions, a lower fort guarding the main approach, and a palace on the hill. Muslim governors rebuilt the palace and called the place Mustafanagar.

Shitab Khan's hall, Warangal

c. 1504 CE

Tall roofless stone hall in Warangal fort, near the western gateway of the old central temple. It is named after the chief Shitab Khan, who held Warangal from 1504. The Hyderabad Archaeological Department conserved it in 1925–26. It compared the hall with the Hindola Mahal at Mandu and thought it built about the turn of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The hall is 86 feet by 24, with cross arches 28 feet high that once carried a flat vault, sloping walls, a cistern in the floor and a tall arched entrance on the north.

Kalahastisvara temple, Srikalahasti

1516 CE

Siva temple of the wind linga at the foot of the southern hill of Srikalahasti. It has Chola inscriptions, and a hundred-pillared hall and great gopura (gate tower) that a Telugu inscription of 1516 credits to Krishnadeva Raya. The North Arcot manual says the Chola kings and Krishnadeva Rayalu extended it. Fergusson's revisers list its wind linga among the Pancha-lingams, the five notable symbols of Siva in southern India.

Virabhadra temple, Lepakshi

1538 CE

Temple of Virabhadra on a low rocky hill at Lepakshi in the Anantapur district. It has a double enclosure with a pillared cloister, an unfinished kalyana-mandapa (wedding hall) and a great hall of some sixty carved pillars, whose ceiling is covered with paintings of the epics and Puranas. An inscription by the main entrance dates its building to 1538. Its records of 1533–1538, in the reign of Achyuta Raya, name its builder Virupanna of Penukonda. Local tradition makes him a treasurer of Krishnadeva Raya who blinded himself at the king's order. A colossal bull carved from one stone lies near it.

Qutb Shahi Tombs

c. 1543–1674 CE

Royal burial ground half a mile north of Golconda Fort. It holds the domed tombs of seven Qutb Shahi kings and members of their families, with mosques and a mortuary bath, built between the 1540s and the 1670s.

Husain Sagar

c. 1562 CE

Large artificial lake between Hyderabad and Secunderabad, formed by a dam that the Golconda chronicle counts among the works of Ibrahim Qutb Shah. The Imperial Gazetteer dates it to about 1575. Bilgrami gives AH 970 (1562) and credits it to Husain Shah Wali, the king's son-in-law, after whom it is named. A tradition printed by Hastings Fraser in 1865 tells how the tank stood empty until Neknam Khan cut a channel from the Musi.

Purana Pul

c. 1578 CE

The 'old bridge' of stone across the Musi at the western end of old Hyderabad, on the road to Golconda. Bilgrami (1927) dates it by two chronograms to AH 986 (1578), under Ibrahim Qutb Shah, fourteen years before the city. He gives its Qutb Shahi name as Pul-i Narva, from the Telugu word for a causeway. The Imperial Gazetteer and Campbell date it to 1593 under Muhammad Quli. Tavernier compared it with the Pont Neuf. Its only inscription records the rebuilding after the flood of 1820.

Charminar

c. 1591 CE

Gateway monument with four minarets at the centre of old Hyderabad. Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah built it when he founded the city. The Imperial Gazetteer dates it to 1591, and Bilgrami to AH 999–1000 (1590–91).

Badshahi Ashurkhana

c. 1593 CE

The royal hall of Muharram mourning in Hyderabad, built by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah. The Imperial Gazetteer (1909) and Campbell (1898) date it to 1594. Bilgrami (1927) read a date of AH 1001 (1592–93) in the enamelled-tile inscription over the central niche, and dated the tile work to the last year of the king's reign. Abdullah Qutb Shah's name is also in the tiles, and the outer halls were added under Nizam Ali Khan.

Jami Masjid, Hyderabad

1597 CE

Congregational (Friday) mosque of Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, a short way north-east of the Charminar, built under the minister Aminu-l-Mulk. The chronogram over its door gives AH 1006 (1597). The Imperial Gazetteer dates it to 1596, and Campbell and Rocco to 1598. It is a double hall of seven arches on a paved courtyard. It once had a school, a monastery and a Turkish bath attached, and by 1898 houses and shops crowded round it.

Khairatabad Mosque

c. 1612–1626 CE

Small three-arched Qutb Shahi mosque at Khairatabad, Hyderabad, with an empty domed tomb beside it, after which the suburb is named. Neither building has an inscription. Bilgrami (1927), from a sanad (deed) of Aurangzeb's 37th year, says that Khairiyat-un-Nisa Begum, daughter of Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah, built the mosque for her tutor Mulla Abdul Malik. He dates it between 1612 and 1626. Campbell (1898), Rocco (1929) and Syed Hossein Bilgrami (1905) make its builder Khairat-un-Nisa, a daughter of Ibrahim Qutb Shah.

Mecca Masjid

c. 1617–1693 CE

Great stone mosque near the Charminar in Hyderabad. Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah began it in 1617, his successors continued it, and it was completed under Aurangzeb in the 1690s. The Asaf Jahi Nizams from Nizam Ali Khan onwards are buried in its courtyard.

Tomb of Abdul Wahab, Kurnool

1618 CE

Two-domed tomb on the bank of the Handri at Kurnool. It was built for Abdul Wahab Khan, the Abyssinian general who took Kurnool for Bijapur early in the seventeenth century and was its first Bijapur governor. The Kurnool district manual and the Imperial Gazetteer date it to AH 1028 (1618), the year of his death.

Dutch tombs, Machilipatnam

1624–1743 CE

Carved granite gravestones of officers and families of the Dutch East India Company at Machilipatnam (Masulipatam), the oldest European monuments of the Telugu coast. The earliest is the tomb of Jacob Dedel, chief of the Company on the Coromandel coast, who died in 1624. A walled burial ground behind the Collector's office, at the place still called Valandupalem, holds slabs dated from 1662 to 1743, with coats of arms and verse epitaphs in Dutch.

Hayat Bakhshi Mosque, Hayathnagar

c. 1626 CE

Large Qutb Shahi mosque of five double arches between two tall minarets. It stands on a terrace inside a vast walled caravanserai (travellers' inn) at Hayathnagar, about nine miles east of Hyderabad. The village was founded in AH 1035 (1625–26) by Hayat Bakhsh Begum, daughter of Muhammad Quli, queen of Sultan Muhammad and mother of Abdullah Qutb Shah. The mosque has no inscription. Bilgrami dated the village to 1626 and the mosque to Abdullah's reign.

Taramati Baradari and Premamati Mosque

c. 1662 CE

A pavilion (baradari) on three terraces south of the Osman Sagar road near Golconda, and an unfinished mosque on a rock north of the road. Tradition links them with Tara Mati and Pema Mati, Hindu consorts of the Qutb Shahi kings. Neither building has an inscription. The only dated record of either woman is the grave of Pemmati at the Qutb Shahi tombs, AH 1073 (1662). The sources disagree on which kings the two women belonged to.

Jama Masjid, Adoni

1667 CE

The congregational (Friday) mosque of Adoni, built by the Bijapur governor Siddi Masud Khan. Persian verses on black stone slabs in its front give the date of completion as AH 1079 (1666–67). The Bellary gazetteer called it the finest piece of Muhammadan architecture in the district. Local tradition says that its pillars were taken from a Chalukyan temple, and that Masud surrendered Adoni to the Mughals to save it from their guns.

Toli Masjid

1671 CE

Qutb Shahi mosque on the old road from the Purana Pul to Golconda. Musa Khan, chamberlain and general of Abdullah Qutb Shah, built it. The inscription in its prayer niche gives the chronogram year AH 1082 (1671). G. Yazdani described it in 1918 as typical of the Qutb Shahi style, with Hindu motifs such as pot-shaped bases, elephant-tusk brackets and temple niches. Campbell (1898) dated it to 1604 under Muhammad Quli, but the inscription does not support that date.

British Residency, Hyderabad

c. 1800–1808 CE

Home of the British Resident at the Nizam's court, on the left bank of the Musi opposite the old city of Hyderabad. It was begun under the Resident Achilles Kirkpatrick with Nizam Ali Khan's leave (1800 in the Imperial Gazetteer, 1803 in Campbell). It was finished about 1807–08 to designs by an engineer named Russell. It has a portico of six Corinthian columns and a durbar hall with furniture said to have belonged to the Prince Regent. It was attacked on 17 July 1857. The Resident held civil and criminal jurisdiction over the Residency bazaars around it.

Mir Alam Tank

1806 CE

Large tank south-west of the old city of Hyderabad, held back by a dam of 21 semicircular granite arches 1,120 yards long. The minister Mir Alam built it out of his share of the prize money from Seringapatam (1799). It was completed in AH 1221 (1806), in the reign of Sikandar Jah, at a cost of eight lakhs. The Imperial Gazetteer says French engineers in the Nizam's service built the dam. An inscription on a reservoir stone records the date. Until the Osman Sagar was built it was a main source of the city's water.

Dowleswaram anicut

1847–1852 CE

The masonry dam across the Godavari at Dowleswaram, at the head of the delta. Arthur Cotton designed it, and it was built in 1847–52 in four sections joined by the river islands, about 4,000 yards long. Its crest was raised in 1862–67, and again, with self-acting iron shutters, in 1897–99. By 1903–04 its three canal systems watered 662,000 acres of the Godavari delta.

Krishna anicut

1852–1855 CE

The masonry dam across the Krishna at Vijayawada (then Bezwada), at the head of the delta, where the river passes through a gap 1,300 yards wide between two hills. Planned after the Guntur famine of 1832–1833 and sanctioned in 1850, it was built under Captain Orr from 1852 to 1855. In 1903–04 its canals watered over 600,000 acres of government land.

Osman Sagar (Gandipet)

c. 1912 CE

Reservoir formed by a dam across the Musi at Gandipet, about ten miles above Hyderabad. It was built after the terrible flood of September 1908, to protect the city from floods and to supply it with water. M. Visvesvaraya drew up the project. Mir Osman Ali Khan laid the foundation stone in 1322 Fasli (1912–13), and the lake was named after him. Mudiraj (1929) gives the cost as Rs 58,40,000. A sister dam on the Isi formed the Himayat Sagar, completed in 1924–25.

High Court, Hyderabad

c. 1914–1919 CE

Building of the High Court of Hyderabad State on the bank of the Musi in the old city. It was built during Mir Osman Ali Khan's years of direct rule (1914–1919), at a cost of twenty lakhs of rupees, according to Mudiraj's Pictorial Hyderabad (1929). Mudiraj called it 'a noble edifice and one of the best buildings in India in its architectural beauty'. The court itself, with a Chief Justice and five puisne (junior) judges, already sat in the city in 1909.

Osmania University

1918 CE

University at Hyderabad founded by Mir Osman Ali Khan's farman of 26 April 1917 and established by charter in 1918, the first in India to teach through an Indian language, Urdu, with English compulsory. Its translation bureau put the college textbooks into Urdu. In the 1930s the university moved to a new campus at Adikmet, where the Arts College was built at a sanctioned cost of Rs 27,13,000. In 1938 students who sang Vande Mataram in a hostel were expelled.

Himayat Sagar

1925 CE

Reservoir on the Isi (Esi), a tributary of the Musi, south-west of Hyderabad, built as the second part of the flood-protection scheme drawn up after the Musi flood of 1908. It was named after the heir-apparent, Himayat Ali Khan (Azam Jah), and completed in 1334 Fasli (1924–25) at a cost of Rs 92,43,255. Pictorial Hyderabad (1929) calls it both a flood moderator and an irrigation tank; a government farm at Himayat Sagar bred rice strains, cattle and poultry in the 1930s.

Osmania General Hospital

c. 1925 CE

The main hospital of Hyderabad State. According to the Nizam's administration report, it was completed in the year 1924–25 at a cost of Rs 20,56,535 against an estimate of Rs 21,22,500. Mudiraj's Pictorial Hyderabad (1929) called it one of the best equipped hospitals in India. In 1932–33 Mir Osman Ali Khan opened its X-ray department, and it trained the state's assistant surgeons.

Nizam Sagar

c. 1931 CE

Dam and reservoir on the Manjra river in Nizamabad district, built in the reign of Mir Osman Ali Khan. Pictorial Hyderabad (1929) describes a dam 7,260 feet long and 111 feet high, then under construction; the census of 1931 records the scheme as just completed at a cost of 426 lakhs of rupees, with a main canal of 72½ miles meant to water 275,000 acres in the Bodhan, Nizamabad, Armur and Yellareddy taluks.

Alampur temples (Nava Brahma temples)

Group of early stone temples inside the old fort of Alampur on the Tungabhadra, in today's Telangana, known as the Nava Brahma or Navalingesvara temples. Inscriptions on them name queens and kings of the Chalukyas of Badami. They name a queen of Vikramaditya I (655–680), a queen of Vinayaditya, and Vijayaditya, under whom an enclosure was built in 704 and 713. The Nizam's Archaeological Department surveyed them in 1926-27 and compared their curved towers with the Papanatha temple at Pattadakal.

Bayyaram Tank

A large tank at Bayyaram in the old Khammam district, called Dharmakirti-samudra. It was built by Mailama (Mailamba), sister of the Kakatiya king Ganapatideva and wife of Natavadi Rudra. The inscribed granite pillar that records it, found in 1965, gives the fullest genealogy (family history) of the Kakatiya family.

Bhairavakonda cave temples

Group of early rock-cut cave temples at Bhairavakonda in the old Udayagiri taluk of the Nellore district, reported by A. H. Longhurst in 1921. R. Gopalan described them as attributable to the Pallava age and closely resembling the caves of Mahendravarman I; the Madras epigraphy office linked one shrine, named Damodaresvaram in an archaic inscription, with the Ananda king Damodaravarman.

Bhimesvara temple, Chalukya-Bhimavaram

Two-storeyed Shiva temple at Bhimavaram in Samalkot, one of the five Pancharama shrines. Its inscriptions call it Chalukya-Bhimesvara and the place Kumararama. A Pithapuram inscription of 1202 says the Eastern Chalukya king Chalukya-Bhima founded a temple of that name, and E. Hultzsch (1897) identified it with this one. Its own dated inscriptions begin in the late 11th or 12th century.

Bhimesvara temple, Chebrolu

Small two-storeyed Shiva temple on the old mound at Chebrolu, near Guntur, with the linga of Bhimesvara in a closed upper sanctum. M. Rama Rao (1964) gave it to the Eastern Chalukya king Chalukya-Bhima I, after whom he took the god to be named. The older surveys of Chebrolu do not mention it. They found the town's inscriptions at the Nagesvara temple, the former temple of Kumarasvamin, and E. Hultzsch could not identify the 'Chodabhimesvara' named in an inscription of 1213.

Bhimesvara temple, Draksharama

Two-storeyed Shiva temple at Draksharama in the Godavari delta, one of the five Pancharama shrines and the most famous temple of the coastal Telugu country. Its walls carry some 270 inscriptions dated from 1055. Popular tradition in 1907 gave it to an unknown Chola king. M. Rama Rao (1964) gave it to the Eastern Chalukya king Chalukya-Bhima I, after whom he took the god to be named.

Bommala Gutta (Kurikyal)

Rocky hill at Kurikyal near Gangadhara, west of Karimnagar. Jaina images are carved on a rock at its summit. Beside them is the inscription of Jinavallabha, younger brother of the Kannada poet Pampa, of about 945. The inscription calls the rock the Siddha-sila. It says that Jinavallabha had the first and last Jinas and the goddess Chakresvari carved there, and built a temple, a tank and a garden nearby.

Chandragiri fort and Raja Mahal

The hill fort of Chandragiri near Tirupati, with its walled enclosure on the plain and the two palaces inside it, the three-storeyed Raja Mahal (King's Palace) and the smaller Rani Mahal. Local tradition makes the fort as old as 1000, and says that Venkatapati enlarged it and built a palace when he moved from Penukonda. The architect R. F. Chisholm judged the King's Palace seventeenth- or early eighteenth-century work. The Archaeological Department in 1920 dated fort and palaces by their style to the seventeenth century.

Chowmahalla Palace

Main palace of the Nizams in the old city of Hyderabad, west of the Charminar. Campbell (1898) calls it the Char Mahal, 'four palaces'. The Imperial Gazetteer (1909) describes three quadrangles with buildings on either side and large cisterns in the centre, with the zanana (women's quarters) beyond the third court. It was the scene of the Nizams' darbars and state entertainments, including the banquet for Lord Ripon at Mahbub Ali Khan's installation in 1884. In 1929 Mir Osman Ali Khan lived at Chadarghat but held all his darbars here.

Chula-Dhammagiri monastery

Buddhist monastery buildings on the hill of Naharallabodu at Nagarjunakonda. It is identified with the monastery on the Lesser Dhammagiri east of Vijayapuri. There the lay woman Bodhisiri built an apsidal (round-ended) shrine for monks from Sri Lanka in the 14th year of the Ikshvaku king Virapurushadatta.

Dar-ush-Shifa

Two-storeyed Qutb Shahi hospital and medical college round a square courtyard in the old city of Hyderabad, with a mosque opposite its entrance. Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah built it, and a caravanserai (travellers' inn) and bath were attached. The Golconda chronicle says the king built hospitals and paid their attendants. By 1909 it was a barrack, and in 1927 Bilgrami found it ruinous.

Falaknuma Palace

Palace on a hill south of the old city of Hyderabad. The minister Sir Vikar-ul-Umara built it, at a cost said to have been 35 lakhs of rupees, and the Nizam Mahbub Ali Khan bought it in 1897. Campbell (1898) describes its Grecian front of Corinthian columns, its marble vestibule and staircase, and its Louis XIV reception room. The Imperial Gazetteer (1909) thought no building in Hyderabad equalled it. Viceroys stayed there on their visits, and Mir Osman Ali Khan gave his birthday banquets there.

Gandikota fort

Fortifications crowning the cliffs on the south bank of the Penner gorge at Gandikota in the Cuddapah (Kadapa) district. Inside are the temple of Madhavasvami, a granary, a mosque and wells lined with stone. The temple legend credits a Kaka Maharaju with the fort about 1290 and 'Harihara Bukkarayalu' with the temple. Ferishta, as the Imperial Gazetteer reports him, dates the fort to 1589. Mir Jumla of Golconda strengthened the walls, and the granary is ascribed to him or his successors.

Golconda Fort

Walled hill fortress five miles west of Hyderabad. The Bahmani sultans received it from the ruler of Warangal in the 14th century. It became the seat of the Qutb Shahi sultans and was rebuilt in stone under Ibrahim Qutb Shah. It fell to Aurangzeb in 1687 after a siege of more than eight months.

Golingesvara and the temples of Biccavolu

Six small stone temples of Shiva at Biccavolu in the Godavari delta. The Golingesvara, Rajarajesvara and Chandrasekhara temples stand in a compound in the village, and three more stand in the fields outside. M. Rama Rao (1964) placed them in the reign of Gunaga Vijayaditya III. His reasons were that an inscription calls the Golingesvara god Bijayesvara, and that one doorway shows the river goddesses Ganga and Yamuna.

Gooty fort

Hill fortress on a ring of rocky hills at Gooty in the Anantapur district. An outer rampart runs round the town, and a citadel stands on a steep rock 2,105 feet above the sea, reached by a winding paved path through fourteen gateways. Western Chalukya inscriptions of 1121–23 and a verse praising king Bukka of Vijayanagara are cut on its summit. Local belief credited Krishnadeva Raya with building it, which the Anantapur gazetteer rejected. Morari Rao, Haidar Ali and the Company held it in turn.

Katakshapur Temples

Two ruined granite Shiva temples on the southern bund of the Katakshapur (Katachpur) tank, beside the Warangal–Mulug road. Hyderabad's Archaeological Department surveyed them in 1935–36. It found no inscription, but judged from their plan and workmanship that they were of the same age as the Palampet, Ghanpur and Thousand Pillar temples.

Kshiraramalingesvara temple, Palakollu

Shiva temple in the middle of Palakollu, in the western Godavari delta, one of the five Pancharama shrines under the name Kshirarama. M. Rama Rao (1964) gave its shrine to the Eastern Chalukya king Chalukya-Bhima I, and the foreword to his monograph counts it among the original Chalukya buildings. Its own inscriptions, more than forty, run from 1136 to 1640. They record gifts of the Velanadu chiefs, the Haihaya chiefs of Konamandala, the Chalukya chiefs of Nidadavolu and the Reddi kings.

Laknavaram Lake

A large reservoir in the forests of the old Warangal district. P. V. Parabrahma Sastry counts it among the big tanks of the Kakatiya period, fed, like the Pakhal and Bayyaram tanks, by streams from one plateau. No builder or inscription is recorded for it in the sources used here.

Mailaradeva Temple, Inavolu

The temple of Mailaradeva at Inavolu (Ainavolu) near Warangal, with a star-shaped pillared hall and stone gateways in its walled court. S. Gopalakrishna Murthy, in 1964, recorded the local tradition that the Kakatiya king Rudradeva built the main temple. He suggested that one of Ganapatideva's generals added the hall, and saw its gateways as forerunners of the great toranas (arched gateways) of Warangal fort.

Nagarjunakonda Mahachaitya

The Great Stupa of the Ikshvaku city of Vijayapuri. Its limestone ayaka pillars carry Prakrit inscriptions of the princess Chamtisiri and other royal women, dated in the 6th year of King Virapurushadatta. A small bone relic was found in one of its chambers during the 1928–29 excavations.

Narasimha temples, Ahobilam

The temples of Narasimha at Lower (Diguva) and Upper Ahobilam, in the Nallamalai hills of the Kurnool district. Lower Ahobilam has a large unfinished mandapa (pillared hall). Fergusson's revisers compared its plan with the Vitthala temple at Vijayanagara but its style with Nayak work, and rejected a local tradition that gave it to Prataparudra about 1300. Inscriptions of Achyuta Raya, Sadasiva, Sriranga I and Venkatapati record halls, a pillar of victory and a Garuda pillar. They also record how the temple was recovered after the Golconda king had occupied it for seven years.

Pakhal Lake

A great reservoir east of Narsampet, formed by a dam about a mile long across the Pakhal river and covering some 13 square miles when full. Local tradition recorded in 1900 gave it to Pratapa Rudra, or to a 'Raja Khaldya' sixteen centuries earlier. P. V. Parabrahma Sastry, citing the inscription on the bund, gives it to Jagadalu Mummadi, son of a minister, in the reign of the Kakatiya king Ganapatideva.

Purani Haveli

The 'old palace' of the Nizams in the north-eastern quarter of the old city of Hyderabad, near the Qutb Shahi Dar-ush-Shifa. The Imperial Gazetteer (1909) says it was built by the first of the Nizams and was still sometimes used by the reigning Nizam. Campbell (1898) calls it the Nizam's old palace. Bilgrami (1927) records Qutb Shahi graves within and beside its walls.

Rachakonda Fort

Hill fort of the Recherla Velama kings on the twin hills of Rajukonda and Naganayanikonda, east of Hyderabad. Three inscriptions of August 1365 record that Anapota Nayaka built its stone walls and wells and dug the tank between the two hills. Sultan Quli of Golconda took it by storm early in the sixteenth century.

Simhachalam temple

Temple of Narasimha on the Simhachalam hill north of Visakhapatnam, described in 1907 as the most famous, richest and best carved shrine of the district. Its walls hold more than five hundred inscriptions, many of Eastern Ganga kings. The district gazetteer credits the Ganga king Narasimha I with building its central shrine, halls and enclosing verandah in black stone in 1267–68. Its records include a Tamil inscription of Kulottunga I, gifts of Reddi and Matsya chiefs, and the inscriptions of Krishnadeva Raya of Vijayanagara.

Somesvara temple, Somarama (Bhimavaram)

Two-storeyed Shiva temple at Gunupudi, now Somaram in the town of Bhimavaram in the western Godavari delta. M. Rama Rao (1964) counted it among the five Pancharama shrines and gave it to the Eastern Chalukya king Chalukya-Bhima I. Robert Sewell recorded it in 1882 as a very old temple of Somesvara, said to be one of the five aramas. The Godavari gazetteer of 1907 left it out of its list of the five.

Srikurmam temple

Temple of Vishnu in his tortoise incarnation at Srikurmam, near Srikakulam. Its granite verandas and black stone pillars carry more than a hundred inscriptions. Most of them belong to the Eastern Ganga kings who came after Anantavarman Chodaganga, to their ministers and feudatories, and later to the Gajapatis. An inscription of 1283 credits a Brahmin contemporary of a king Anangabhima with building an enclosure of black stone for the temple.

Temples of Mukhalingam

Three Siva temples at Mukhalingam on the Vamsadhara: the Madhukesvara (Mukhalingesvara), Bhimesvara (Aniyankabhimesvara) and Somesvara. They are in the Orissan style and stand among the ruins of Kalinganagara, the capital of the Eastern Ganga kings. A grant of Anantavarman Chodaganga credits the Madhukesvara temple to an early king Kamarnava, and the Bhimesvara is thought to be named after the king Vajrahasta Aniyankabhima. Their walls and pillars carry scores of Telugu and Sanskrit inscriptions of the Gangas.

Temples of Vemulavada

Group of temples at Vemulavada, the capital of the Chalukyas of Vemulavada, round the Rajarajesvara (Rajesvara) temple and its tank. The 10th-century inscription of Arikesari II names four temples there: of Rajesvara, the Sun, Baddegesvara and Nagaresvara. It stands in the Bhimesvara temple, formerly the Baddegesvara. N. Venkataramanayya thought the Rajesvara and Baddegesvara were named after, or built by, kings of the family. Later records of the Chalukyas of Kalyani add temples of Rajadityesvara and Harikesvara.

Undavalli cave temple

Four-storeyed rock-cut temple on the south bank of the Krishna opposite Vijayawada. Medieval inscriptions call it Anantashayanagudi, after its huge image of Vishnu lying on the serpent. No inscription records who cut it. G. Jouveau-Dubreuil (1917, 1920) gave it and the caves of Bezwada, Mogalrajapuram and Sitanagaram to the Vishnukundins. A. H. Longhurst (1924) judged it a Pallava monument of the time of Mahendravarman I.

Venkatesvara temple, Tirumala

Temple of Venkatesvara (Srinivasa-Perumal) on the Tirumala hill above Tirupati. Its walls carry inscriptions of Krishnadeva Raya of 1514 and of his queens of 1512–13. It keeps copper statues of the king and his queens Chinnadevi and Tirumaladevi, which the Telugu Rayavachakamu says he set up before the god, and a labelled copper statue of Venkatapati. Fergusson's revisers thought the temple itself 'a fair specimen of a Dravidian temple of the second class'.

Vijayapuri citadel

Citadel with brick walls and a moat, the heart of the Ikshvaku capital on the Krishna bank in the Nagarjunakonda valley, excavated in 1956–59. Inside and around it the excavators found barracks, royal houses, a stepped tank they connected with the horse sacrifice, temples of Karttikeya and Shiva, a river ghat and a large stadium.

Warangal Fort

The fortified Kakatiya capital of Orugallu, a round city ringed by an earthen wall and a stone wall with moats. Its central Svayambhu temple survives as four carved stone gateways. The fort held out against Delhi armies from 1310 and finally fell to them in the 1320s.