Inscriptions

Erragudi edicts of Asoka

c. 250 BCE

Asoka's fourteen Rock Edicts and his Minor Rock Edicts I–II, carved on six boulders of the Yenakonda hill near Erragudi in Kurnool district in the mid-3rd century BCE. They were found in 1928.

Rajula-Mandagiri inscription of Asoka

c. 250 BCE

A badly weathered 15-line copy of Asoka's Minor Rock Edicts I–II on a rock beside the Ramalingesvara temple at Rajula-Mandagiri near Pattikonda, Kurnool district. A Mackenzie surveyor copied part of it around 1800, and the stone was found again in 1953.

Bhattiprolu relic-casket inscriptions

c. 200 BCE

Ten short Prakrit inscriptions on three stone relic caskets and a crystal from the Bhattiprolu stupa, found by A. Rea in 1892. Bühler dated them no later than about 200 BCE. Their unusual variety of Brahmi is among the earliest writing found in the region.

Amaravati inscription of the time of Vasishthiputra Pulumavi

c. 130 CE

A two-line Prakrit inscription on a broken coping stone from the Amaravati stupa. It records a Dharmachakra (wheel of the law) set up at the western gate of the Great Chaitya, in a regnal year of the Satavahana king Vasishthiputra Sri Pulumavi. The year itself is lost.

Myakadoni inscription of Pulumavi

c. 145 CE

A four-line Prakrit inscription on a granite boulder called Jangli Gundu near Myakadoni, Adoni taluk, Bellary district. It is dated in the eighth year of 'Siri-Pulumavi, King of the Satavahanas'. It records a reservoir dug by a householder and names a district, Satavahani-hara, held by a great general. It is the only Satavahana inscription from Rayalaseema in these sources.

Amaravati inscription of King Sri Sivamaka Sada

c. 150 CE

Fragment of a one-line Prakrit inscription on a carved coping stone of the Amaravati stupa, recording a gift by the 'superintendent of the water establishment' of a king Sri Sivamaka Sada. The king has been taken for the founder Simuka, for Siva Sri Satakarni, or for a ruler of another family altogether.

Chinna inscription of Yajna Sri Satakarni

c. 195 CE

A damaged six-line Prakrit inscription on a stone found on the sea-shore south of the Krishna near the village of Chinna, Kistna district, and later kept in the Madras Museum. It is dated in the 27th year of Gautamiputra Siriyana Satakani (Yajna Sri Satakarni). It is the latest dated record of that king.

Kodavali rock inscription of Chandasati

c. 210 CE

A six-line Prakrit inscription cut into a rock-cut well beside a ruined Buddhist mound near Kodavali, north-west of Pithapuram in the Godavari district. It is dated in a regnal year of the Satavahana king Vasishthiputra Chandasati (Chandra Sati) and records a gift by a minister. Its year and wording have been read in three different ways.

Mayidavolu plates of Sivaskandavarman

c. 250 CE

A Prakrit copper-plate grant issued from Kanchipura by the Pallava crown prince Sivaskandavarman to his official at Dhannakada (Amaravati). It gives the village of Viripara in Andhrapatha, the Telugu country, to two Brahmans. It was found in 1899 at Mayidavolu near Narasaraopet and edited by E. Hultzsch in 1901. It is the earliest Pallava copper-plate charter, and it shows the Pallavas ruling as far as the Krishna.

Nagarjunakonda inscriptions of Chamtisiri

c. 250 CE

Prakrit inscriptions at Nagarjunakonda recording gifts by the Ikshvaku princess Chamtisiri. They are cut on the ayaka pillars of the Great Stupa (Mahachaitya), on the pillars of a stone hall and on the floor of an apsidal shrine beside it. They are dated in the 6th, 15th and 18th regnal years of King Virapurushadatta.

Nagarjunakonda inscription of Bodhisiri

c. 268 CE

Prakrit inscription on the floor of an apsidal (round-ended) shrine on the Chula-Dhammagiri at Nagarjunakonda, dated in the 14th year of King Mathariputra (Virapurushadatta). It records the gifts of the lay woman Bodhisiri to Buddhist monks from Sri Lanka. It names the city of Vijayapuri, the Sriparvata and the trading town of Kantakasela.

Memorial pillar of Chamtamula, Nagarjunakonda

c. 273 CE

A carved pillar found near Stupa 9 at Nagarjunakonda, with a Prakrit inscription. It records that the sisters, mothers and queens of the dead Ikshvaku king Chamtamula raised it in the reign of his son Virapurushadatta. Vogel dated it to the king's 20th year. Sircar re-read the date as the cyclic year Vijaya, 273–74, the earliest known use of the cyclic year in Indian inscriptions.

Jaggayyapeta inscriptions of Virapurushadatta

c. 274 CE

Three copies of a Prakrit inscription on the ayaka pillars of the Jaggayyapeta stupa. They record the gift of five pillars at the eastern gate of the Great Chaitya by the artisan Siddhartha, in the 20th year of the Ikshvaku king Virapurushadatta. James Burgess found them in 1882, and they were the first Ikshvaku records to be discovered.

Nagarjunakonda inscription of Abhira Vasushena

c. 278 CE

A Sanskrit-Prakrit inscription found on the Krishna bank at Nagarjunakonda in 1958–59, dated in year 30 of the Abhira king Vasishthiputra Vasushena. It records that a local noble and men from Avanti, Sanjayapura and Vanavasa installed the god Ashtabhujasvamin, a form of Vishnu. D. C. Sircar dated it to about 278–79, and took it as evidence of a short Abhira break in Ikshvaku rule.

Nagarjunakonda inscription of Pushpabhadrasvamin

c. 295 CE

A Sanskrit inscription on a four-faced flagstaff pillar from a temple at the foot of Nagarjuna's hill, dated in the 16th year of the Ikshvaku king Ehuvula Chamtamula. It records that his son, the prince Virapurushadatta, built a shrine of the god Shiva as Pushpabhadrasvamin and gave it a village. It is the first direct evidence of Shaiva worship in the Ikshvaku royal house.

Manchikallu inscription of Simhavarman

c. 300 CE

A broken Prakrit inscription on part of an eight-sided stone pillar from Manchikallu in the Palnad taluk. It records gifts by the Pallava king Simhavarman of the Bharadvaja gotra to the priests of the god Jivasivasvamin. D. C. Sircar, who edited it, took it for the earliest Pallava record. He dated it first to the end of the 3rd century and later to the middle of the 4th.

Ellore plates of Devavarman

c. 345 CE

A Prakrit copper-plate grant of the 13th year of the Salankayana king Devavarman, issued from Vengipura. It is addressed to the villagers of Elura (Ellore, now Eluru), and gives twenty nivartanas of land and house sites to a Brahmin. E. Hultzsch edited it in 1908, and it gave the dynasty its modern name, 'the Salankayana Maharajas of Vengipura'.

Kanukollu plates of Nandivarman I

c. 350 CE

Prakrit copper-plate grant of the 14th year of the Salankayana king Nandivarman I, issued from Vengipura and found at Kanukollu in the Krishna delta. It gives a village as an agrahara (Brahmin village) to a Brahmin learned in the four Vedas of the Rathakara community. Its editor dated it to the close of the 3rd century, and D. C. Sircar to about the middle of the 4th.

Kolleru plates of Nandivarman II

c. 430 CE

Sanskrit copper-plate grant of the 7th year of the Salankayana king Nandivarman, eldest son of Chandavarman. He issued it from Vengipura, giving a village in the Kuduhara country to 157 Brahmins. It was reported found in the Kolleru lake before 1840. It was the first record of the dynasty to be known, and A. C. Burnell and J. F. Fleet edited it in the 1870s.

Peddavegi plates of Nandivarman II

c. 430 CE

A Sanskrit copper-plate grant of the 10th year of the Salankayana king Nandivarman II, found near Pedavegi north of Ellore and first published in 1924. It gives land in four villages to a temple of Vishnu. Its four-generation family line, beginning with Hastivarman of Vengi, is the backbone of the dynasty's history.

Omgodu grant of Simhavarman (No. 2)

c. 440 CE

A Sanskrit copper-plate grant of the Pallava king Simhavarman, son of the crown prince Vishnugopa, made in the fourth year of his reign. It gives the village of Omgodu in Karmarashtra, bounded by Kodikim, Narachadu, Kadakuduru and Penukaparru, to the Brahman Devasarman of Kundur. Its editor, H. Krishna Sastri, thought it a 7th-century copy of an earlier grant. Its date became part of the debate over the Lokavibhaga date of 436 for Simhavarman.

Vilavatti grant of Simhavarman

c. 446 CE

Sanskrit copper-plate grant issued from Paddukkara in the tenth year of the Pallava king Simhavarman, son of the crown prince Vishnugopa. It gives the village of Vilavatti in Mundarashtra, with the taxes due from it, to the Brahman Vishnusarman. It was found about 1928 at Vavveru in the Kovur taluk of Nellore, and C. R. Krishnamacharlu edited it in 1938. It lists the dues of craftsmen and traders and bears the earliest clear Pallava bull on its seal.

Jirjingi plates of Indravarman

c. 537 CE

A copper-plate grant of the Ganga king Indravarman, lord of Trikalinga, issued from Dantapura and dated in the year 39. It was found in an old temple site at Jirjingi near Tekkali in the Srikakulam country. When R. K. Ghoshal re-edited it in 1940, it was the oldest known record of the Eastern Gangas. It gives the village of Jijjika, the modern Jirjingi, to a Brahmin. On V. V. Mirashi's epoch (starting date) of the Ganga era, the year 39 falls in about 537.

Kalamalla inscription of Erikal Muturaju Dhananjaya

c. 575 CE

A damaged pillar inscription from Kalamalla in Kadapa district, dated from the shape of its letters to about 575 CE. Its editors called it one of the earliest records written entirely in Telugu.

Achyutapuram plates of Indravarman

c. 585 CE

Three small copper plates, found near Mukhalingam in the Srikakulam country. They record a gift of land made at Kalinganagara by the Ganga king Indravarman, alias Rajasimha, at the consecration of a tank in honour of his mother. The grant is dated in the 87th year of a reckoning that most later scholars took to be the Ganga era. The plates are among the best-preserved early Ganga grants and show the box-headed Kalinga script.

Erragudipadu inscription of Erikal-Mutturaju

c. 590 CE

An early Telugu stone record beside the Chennakesava temple at Erragudipadu in the Kamalapuram country. Its letters are almost the same as those of the Kalamalla pillar, and its editors dated it to the last quarter of the 6th century or a little later. It records a tax-free grant of 24 measures of land to a Brahmana in the reign of an Erikal-Mutturaju. The witnesses included a Mutturaju called Navapriya and a 'Vallava Dukaraju', perhaps a Pallava crown prince.

Satara grant of Vishnuvardhana I

c. 616 CE

A Sanskrit copper-plate grant of Vishnuvardhana, the founder of the Eastern Chalukya line, issued while he was still only yuvaraja (heir-apparent) under his elder brother Pulakesin II of Badami. It gives a village on the Bhima to three Brahmin brothers and two other men. It is dated in the eighth year of 'the glorious Maharaja', which J. F. Fleet converted to 616 or 617. Found at Satara before 1844 and now in the British Museum, it is the earliest record of the founder.

Timmapuram plates of Vishnuvardhana I

c. 616 CE

A short undated Sanskrit copper-plate grant of the Eastern Chalukya founder Vishnuvardhana I Vishamasiddhi. It was dug up in a house site at Timmapuram in Vizagapatam district in 1907. Issued from Pishtapura (Pithapuram), it gives 4,000 nivartanas (a land measure) of land to forty Brahmins. E. Hultzsch read its wording as showing that Vishnuvardhana was still a dependant of his brother Pulakesin II. It is the only record to name Pishtapura as his residence.

Malepadu plates of Punyakumara

c. 625 CE

Three Sanskrit copper plates with a lion seal, found at Malepadu in the Cuddapah district and given to the Madras Museum. They record a grant of land by the Telugu Chola king Punyakumara in the fifth year of his reign. Published in 1912, they gave the first family tree of the Telugu Cholas, from Nandivarman through Dhananjaya and Mahendravikrama. Their date has been put near 800, about 625 and about 750.

Tippaluru inscription of Punyakumara

c. 625 CE

An early Telugu stone record at Tippaluru in the Kamalapuram country. It was issued while Erikalla-Mutturaju Punyakumara ruled Renandu from his capital Chirpali. Its ornamental letters look like those of the Pallava Mahendravarman I's Vallam rock inscription. It names the weekday and the hora (planetary hour), the earliest mention of the hora then known in south Indian inscriptions.

Kopparam plates of Pulakesin II

c. 631 CE

A Sanskrit copper-plate grant of the 21st year of the Chalukya king Pulakesin II, probably 631, found near Kopparam in the Narasaraopet taluk of the Guntur district. It gives a field of 800 nivartanas in Karmarashtra to a Brahmana of Mugamur. E. Hultzsch read its 'Prithividuvaraja' as Pulakesin's brother Vishnuvardhana, still a subordinate in that year. Its first editor, K. V. Lakshmana Rao, identified him with another Chalukya prince.

Chipurupalle plates of Vishnuvardhana I

c. 632 CE

Sanskrit copper-plate grant of the Eastern Chalukya founder Vishnuvardhana I, now styled Maharaja, found at Chipurupalle in Vizagapatam district in 1867. It gives a village in the Dimila district to two Brahmin brothers on a lunar eclipse in the 18th year of his reign. J. F. Fleet fixed the eclipse at 7 July 632, the fixed point of the whole Eastern Chalukya chronology. A. C. Burnell had preferred 622 and James Burgess 628. The plates have since been lost.

Pedda-Vegi plates of Jayasimha I

c. 632–663 CE

An undated Sanskrit copper-plate grant of the second Eastern Chalukya king, Jayasimha I Sarvasiddhi. It was found two or three feet underground near Pedda-Vegi, the old capital of Vengi. It gives the village of Kombaru, identified with Komali in Repalle taluk, to a Brahmin from Kukkanur. It is the only grant of the dynasty that opens with a prayer to the sun, and it calls the founder Vishnuvarman. It was registered in 1917–18 and edited by V. Rangacharya in 1928.

Niduparu grant of Jayasimha I

c. 633–663 CE

A Sanskrit copper-plate grant of the second Eastern Chalukya king, Jayasimha I Sarvasiddhi, issued from Asanapura. It gives the village of Niduparu, near the royal residence of Ganderu, to the Brahmin Katisarman, whose grandfather belonged to the college (ghatika) of Asanapura. It was examined in 1916–17, and E. Hultzsch edited it in 1926. Ganderu has been identified with Kanteru and Niduparu with Nidamarru, both in Guntur taluk.

Aihole inscription of Pulakesin II

634 CE

A Sanskrit poem of 37 verses by the Jaina poet Ravikirti, engraved in 634–35 on the Meguti temple at Aihole in Karnataka. It is the main account of the conquests of the Chalukya king Pulakesin II, including his eastern campaign. There he humbled the Kalingas and Kosalas, took Pishtapura (Pithapuram), and ravaged 'the water of Kunala', which Kielhorn identified with the Kolleru lake. He also defeated the Pallava king before Kanchi.

Pulibumra plates of Jayasimha I

c. 637 CE

A Sanskrit copper-plate grant of the second Eastern Chalukya king, Jayasimha I. It gives the village of Pulibumra (Polamuru) in the Guddavadi district to Rudrasarman, whose father had received the same village from the Vishnukundin king Madhavavarman. It was noticed in 1914 and edited by V. Rangacharya in 1928. It is dated by number signs that have been read as the 4th, 5th and 15th regnal year, and it fed a long argument over the length of Jayasimha's reign.

Gudivada plates of Jayasimha I (three grants)

c. 659 CE

Three Sanskrit copper-plate grants of the second Eastern Chalukya king, Prithivi-Jayasimha-Vallabha I. They were kept by a landholding family at Gudivada in the old Sarvasiddhi taluk of Visakhapatnam district, and M. Somasekhara Sarma edited them in 1960. All concern land at or near Gudivada (Kulivataka or Kudivada) in the Plakki district. The first, of the king's 18th year, is dated by seasons and fortnights, and the editor worked it out as 12 February 659. The journal's editor doubted his conclusions and took the third grant for a later copy, perhaps a forgery.

Amudalapadu plates of Vikramaditya I

660 CE

A Sanskrit copper-plate grant of the fifth year of the Chalukya king Vikramaditya I, from Amudalapadu in the Alampur taluk (now in Telangana). D. C. Sircar dated it to 30 April 660. It records the gift of a village to the king's guru Sudarsanacharya when the king was initiated into the Shaiva faith. Its letters are early Telugu-Kannada, and the editors of Epigraphia Telanganica (2023) call it the earliest Telugu inscription in Telangana.

Talamanchi plates of Vikramaditya I

660 CE

A Sanskrit copper-plate grant of the sixth year of the Chalukya king Vikramaditya I, found by a ploughman at Talamanchi in the Nellore taluk and now in the Madras Museum. It gives the village of Elasatti to the king's own teacher, Srimeghacharya. F. Kielhorn dated its solar eclipse to 13 July 660, and used it to fix Vikramaditya's accession between September 654 and July 655.

Chendalur plates of Sarvalokasraya (Mangi-yuvaraja)

673 CE

Five Sanskrit copper plates of the Eastern Chalukya king Sarvalokasraya Vijayasiddhi, the Mangi-yuvaraja of later grants. They were dug up at Chendalur in the old Ongole taluk with a Pallava grant of the same village. They are dated on a lunar eclipse in the second year of his reign, which F. Kielhorn fixed as 6 May 673, and give the village of Chendarura in Kamma-rashtra to six Brahmins. E. Hultzsch edited them in 1906.

Gadval plates of Vikramaditya I

674 CE

A Sanskrit copper-plate grant of the 20th year of the Chalukya king Vikramaditya I, dated 25 April 674. It was kept at Gadwal (then in Hyderabad State, now in Telangana) and is said to have been found in the fields there. Issued from a camp at Uragapura on the south bank of the Kaveri, it names the three Pallava kings whom Vikramaditya defeated. E. Hultzsch noted two Telugu terms for measures of grain in it.

Chicacole plates of Devendravarman, son of Gunarnava

c. 681 CE

A copper-plate grant of the Ganga king Devendravarman, son of Gunarnava, issued from Kalinganagara and dated in the 183rd year of the Ganga reckoning. It is one of six sets of plates dug up together at Srikakulam (then Chicacole). It gives the village of Poppangika as an agrahara (Brahmin village) to six Brahmin brothers living at Kalinganagara. It shows an early use of a decimal zero beside the old number symbols.

Vunna Guravayapalem plates of Paramesvaravarman I

687 CE

A Sanskrit copper-plate grant of the Pallava king Paramesvaravarman I, issued from Kanchipura in his 19th year. It gives the village of Kubunuru, on the southern bank of the river Musuna in Pumi-rashtra, to the Brahman Devasarman. The plates were shown to P. Seshadri Sastri at Vunna Guravayapalem in the Podili taluk of Nellore. D. C. Sircar and Seshadri Sastri edited them from photographs. The grant is dated to 22 December 687 and gave the first date for this king that can be checked.

Penukaparu grant of Jayasimha II

c. 696–709 CE

A Sanskrit copper-plate grant of the Eastern Chalukya king Jayasimha II (reigned about 696–709), who calls himself Sakalalokasraya Jayasimha-Vallabha. It gives a field at the village of Penukaparu in the Karma-rashtra district to a Brahmin of Vangiparu. It is the only known grant of this king. It was examined in 1923–24, bought by the Madras Museum and edited by E. Hultzsch in 1926. Its seal shows that he, like Jayasimha I, bore the surname Sarvasiddhi.

Ipur plates of Vishnuvardhana III

c. 709–746 CE

Sanskrit copper-plate grant of the Eastern Chalukya king Vishnuvardhana III (reigned about 709–746), dated in his 23rd year. It records a gift of a field in Jalayuru, in the Plolnandu district near Pithapuram, and a house site with a flower garden. Prithivipothi, daughter of Maghinduvaraja, made the gift. The plates were kept at Ipur in Tenali taluk with two Vishnukundin grants. E. Hultzsch edited them in 1926, and he took the lady for a queen and her father for the Pallava king Mahendravarman III.

Reyuru grant of Narasimhavarman II

c. 711 CE

A Sanskrit copper-plate grant issued from Kanchipura in the 12th year of the Pallava king Narasimhavarman II, on a lunar eclipse in Vaisakha. It gives the village of Reyuru in Mel-Mundarashtra to the Brahman Kumaramandasarman of Kuravasri. It was kept in the archives of the Raja of Kalahasti and edited by P. B. Desai. It is the only dated record of this king. Desai placed the village at Revuru in the Atmakur taluk of Nellore.

Malepadu stone inscription of Satyaditya

c. 725 CE

A short Telugu stone record from Malepadu in the Cuddapah district. It records a gift of land at Chirumburu (Chilamakuru) by the Telugu Chola prince Satyaditya, ruler of the Siddhi thousand and the Renandu seven thousand. It was published in 1912 as a sample of the earliest Telugu records of the district, and it is written from the bottom upwards. Its two editors read the family tree in it differently.

Dommara-Nandyala plates of Punyakumara

c. 750 CE

Three Sanskrit copper plates with a lion seal, found in a sealed pot at Dommara-Nandyala in the Jammalamadugu taluk and edited in 1956. They record a grant by the Telugu Chola king Punyakumara, in his tenth year, to five Brahmanas. They repeat the family tree of the Malepadu plates and correct the name of their writer. Their editor said they contain the earliest inscriptional reference in south India to Siva as Lakutapani, and he dated them to the middle of the 8th century.

Alas plates of the Yuvaraja Govinda II

770 CE

A Sanskrit copper-plate grant dated in 770, issued in the reign of the Rashtrakuta king Krishna I by his son, the crown prince Govinda II. He issued it from a camp 'at the confluence of the Krishnaverna and the Musi', after the army had invaded the Vengi country and humbled its king. It was found at Alas in the Kurundwad State (now Maharashtra) and published by D. R. Bhandarkar in 1901. It is the earliest record of war between the Rashtrakutas and the Eastern Chalukyas. J. F. Fleet held the plates to be a later copy, but probably based on a genuine original.

Chamaluru inscription of Vijayaditya Chola

c. 770 CE

A broken Telugu stone at Chamaluru in the Jammalamadugu country, dated in the 22nd year of Prithivivallabha Vijayaditya Chola, while a Bana king ruled Pambuliggi under him. Its lost lines were restored from an eye-copy (a copy drawn by hand) made by Colin Mackenzie's assistants. Its editors placed the king about 750. They read the record as evidence that the Telugu Cholas had thrown off Chalukya overlordship and subdued the Banas.

Kuruvagatta inscription of Biragriha

c. 793–814 CE

A short undated inscription, with a Sanskrit verse and a Kannada prose passage, cut on a stone in front of an image of the goddess Chaudamba near Kuruvagatta in the old Mahbubnagar district. It praises Biragriha, son of Vinayaditya of the Chalukya family, as a friend of Govinda-vallabha, son of Kalivallabha of the Rashtrakuta family. N. Venkataramanayya identified these two as the Rashtrakuta kings Govinda III and Dhruva. He took the inscription to be the earliest record of the Chalukyas of Vemulavada.

Ederu plates of Vijayaditya II

c. 799–843 CE

Three undated Sanskrit copper plates of the Eastern Chalukya king Vijayaditya II Narendramrigaraja (reigned about 799–843). They were found about 1873 at Ederu in the Nuzvid zamindari, Kistna district. They record the gift, on a solar eclipse, of a field and a house site in the village of Vandrupiteyu to a Brahmin. F. Kielhorn re-edited them in 1899. J. F. Fleet later doubted that they were genuine.

Alamanda plates of Anantavarman

c. 802 CE

A copper-plate grant of the Ganga king Anantavarman, son of Rajendravarman, found near Alamanda in the Vizagapatam district (now Vizianagaram). It was issued from Kalinganagara on a solar eclipse at the consecration of a tank, and it gives the village of Medelaka to a Brahmin. It is dated in the 304th year of the reign of the Gangeya race, one of the clearest references to a Ganga era.

Radhanpur plates of Govinda III

808 CE

A Sanskrit copper-plate grant of the Rashtrakuta king Govinda III, kept in the Radhanpur State in Gujarat. It is dated at an eclipse of the sun that F. Kielhorn equated with 27 July 808. Its verses describe the king's campaigns. They say that the lord of Vengi came at Govinda's command and built an enclosure for him 'like a servant'. J. F. Fleet identified this lord of Vengi with the Eastern Chalukya Vijayaditya II. Fleet thought the place was Manyakheta (Malkhed), but Kielhorn translated it as an enclosure for the king's camp on the Tungabhadra.

Addanki inscription of Pandaranga

c. 844 CE

A damaged stone inscription of the mid-9th century from Addanki. Its opening Telugu verse, in the taruvoja metre, praises Pandaranga, army commander of the Eastern Chalukya king Gunaga-Vijayaditya III.

Masulipatam (?) plates of Vijayaditya III

c. 844–888 CE

An undated Sanskrit copper-plate grant of the Eastern Chalukya king Gunaga-Vijayaditya III (reigned about 844–888). It is known only from Sir Walter Elliot's impressions, and was perhaps received from the Collector of Masulipatam in 1846. The king gives a village in the Gudravara district to a Brahmin, apparently for his advice in the battle in which an enemy named Mangi was killed. The grant was conveyed by Pandaranga, the general praised in the Addanki inscription.

Bezwada plates of Chalukya-Bhima I

c. 888 CE

Five Sanskrit copper plates of the Eastern Chalukya king Chalukya-Bhima I (reigned about 888–918). They were found on 25 June 1897 in a rock-cut chamber in the quarry compound at Bezwada (Vijayawada). Issued at his coronation, they give the village of Kukiparru to a Vedic scholar. They were the first record found of this king, and the earliest then known to give the full line of Eastern Chalukya kings with the length of each reign.

Bezwada pillar inscription of Yuddhamalla

c. 890–950 CE

A Telugu verse inscription on a stone pillar in the Mallesvara temple at Bezwada (Vijayawada). It records that a Chalukya king Yuddhamalla built a temple and a monastery for Kumarasvamin (Karttikeya). It also records that a Yuddhamalla later added a front tower to a temple built by his grandfather Mallapa-raju. Its editor J. Ramayya Pantulu (1920) dated it to about 890–930 and called it the earliest Telugu poetry then known. Its date, its division into one or two records and the meaning of its fourth verse were disputed.

Gudimallam plates of the Bana king Vikramaditya II

c. 910 CE

Five copper plates with a bull seal, found at Gudimallam in the Kalahasti zamindari and acquired for the Government Museum, Madras. In Sanskrit verse and prose with a short Tamil postscript, they record that the Bana prince Vikramaditya, son of Vijayaditya Prabhumeru, confirmed an old grant of the village Viprapitha (Gudimallam) to its Brahmins. Published by E. Hultzsch in 1924, they gave a fuller family tree of the Banas and showed that their friend 'Krishna-Raja' was the Rashtrakuta Krishna III.

Chevuru plates of Amma I

c. 918–925 CE

Three undated copper plates of the Eastern Chalukya king Amma I (reigned about 918–925). They were dug up about 1928 in a ruined mud house at Chevuru in the Kaikalur taluk of Kistna district, and B. Ch. Chhabra edited them. They were issued at the first-feeding ceremony of the infant prince Vijayaditya (Beta-Vijayaditya V). They make the warrior Vemaraja headman of the village of Umikili for a fixed tribute of eight gold gadyanakas. Their boundaries are in Telugu.

Ederu plates of Amma I

c. 918–925 CE

Five finely engraved Sanskrit copper plates of the Eastern Chalukya king Amma I Vishnuvardhana, surnamed Rajamahendra (reigned about 918–925). They were found buried in a field at Ederu near Agiripalle, Kistna district, at the end of 1871. Amma I gives the village of Gonturu with twelve hamlets to his military officer Bhandanaditya, alias Kuntaditya. The verses on his predecessors tell of Vijayaditya II's 108 battles and 108 Siva temples, Vijayaditya III's wars, and Chalukya-Bhima I's reconquest of Vengi from the Rashtrakutas.

Vemulavada inscription of Arikesari II

c. 930–955 CE

Long Sanskrit inscription, with Kannada titles, on the four faces of a stone pillar beside the sanctum of the Bhimesvara (old Baddegesvara) temple at Vemulavada. It sets out the family line of the Chalukyas of Vemulavada from Vinayaditya-Yuddhamalla to Arikesari II. It describes the northern victories of Narasimha II and Arikesari II's defeat of an army sent against him by Govindaraja. Its editor, N. Venkataramanayya, took Govindaraja to be the Rashtrakuta Govinda IV and thought that this defeat sealed his fate. It records Arikesari's gift of land for a feeding house at a Sun temple in his capital, Lembulavataka. It is undated, and Arikesari reigned about 930–955.

Sangli plates of Govinda IV

933 CE

A Sanskrit copper-plate grant of the Rashtrakuta king Govinda IV, issued at his capital Manyakheta and dated 8 August 933. It is named after the place near which the plates were kept in the 19th century. Its family history says that Amoghavarsha I defeated the Chalukyas at Vingavalli, one of the few battles of the war with Vengi that the Rashtrakuta records name. J. F. Fleet edited it in 1883 with photo-lithographs of the plates.

Diggubarru grant of Chalukya-Bhima II

c. 934–945 CE

Five undated Sanskrit copper plates of the Eastern Chalukya king Chalukya-Bhima II (reigned about 934–945). Sir Walter Elliot obtained them from 'Paganavaram', and they are now in the British Museum. J. F. Fleet edited them in 1884. They give the village of Diggubarru in the Pagunavara district to the Vedic scholar Viddamayya. Their verse account of the civil war after 925 is the only record Fleet knew that names the eight-month king Bhima III.

Gundugolanu plates of Amma II

c. 945–970 CE

Three Sanskrit copper plates of the Eastern Chalukya king Amma II (crowned 945). They were formerly Sir Walter Elliot's and are now in the British Museum, and where they were found is not known. At the request of the king's parents-in-law, Kama and Nayamamba, they grant a field at the village of Gundugolanu in the Vengi district to a Brahmin. J. F. Fleet edited them in 1884. The grant is notable for leaving Yuddhamalla II out of the list of kings and for saying that Tala imprisoned the boy king Vijayaditya V.

Kaluchumbarru grant of Amma II

c. 945–970 CE

Five Sanskrit copper plates, with a closing passage in Telugu, of the Eastern Chalukya king Amma II, also called Vijayaditya VI (crowned 945, reigned 25 years). At the request of Chamekamba, a lady of the Pattavardhika family and a lay disciple of the Jain teacher Arhanandin, the king gives the village of Kaluchumbarru in the Attilinandu district to Arhanandin. The gift was for repairs to the dining-hall of the Jain temple called Sarvalokasraya-Jinabhavana. The plates were Sir Walter Elliot's and are in the British Museum, and where they were found is not known.

Kurkyal inscription of Jinavallabha

c. 945 CE

A rock inscription of about 945 on the Bommala Gutta, a hill at Kurikyal near Gangadhara in the Karimnagar district. Jinavallabha, younger brother of the Kannada poet Pampa, set it up. Written in Sanskrit, Kannada and Telugu, it records Jaina images, a temple, a tank and a garden made by Jinavallabha. It gives Pampa's family and home in the Vengi country, and confirms that the Chalukya king Arikesari II gave Pampa the village of Dharmavura for his Vikramarjunavijaya. Its three Telugu verses in the kanda metre are among the earliest Telugu verse.

Maliyapundi grant of Amma II

c. 945–970 CE

Five Sanskrit copper plates of the Eastern Chalukya king Amma II (crowned 945), found in the Ramalingesvara temple at Madanur near Ongole. On the winter solstice the king gives the small village of Maliyapundi, near Dharmavaram in the Addanki country, to a Jain temple called Katakabharana. Durgaraja founded the temple; he was a great-grandson of Pandaranga, the general of Gunaga Vijayaditya III. The grant was first published in the Nellore District Inscriptions (1905), and E. Hultzsch re-edited it in 1908. It explains the Kataka-raja title and makes Pandaranga the burner of Kiranapura.

Masulipatam plates of Amma II

c. 945–970 CE

An undated Sanskrit copper-plate charter of the Eastern Chalukya king Amma II (crowned 945), found in the record room of the Kistna District Court at Masulipatam. It gives the village of Pedda-Galidiparru in Velanadu to two Jaina temples that two feudatory brothers had built at Vijayavatika (Vijayawada). B. V. Krishna Rao edited it in 1938. It names a Jaina family of chiefs and their teacher, and its editor used it to argue against parts of J. F. Fleet's chronology of the dynasty.

Padamkaluru grant of Amma II

c. 945–970 CE

Five Sanskrit copper plates of the Eastern Chalukya king Amma II Vijayaditya, formerly in Sir Walter Elliot's collection. They give the village of Padamkaluru in the Pennatavadi district to a Brahmin pilgrim on a lunar eclipse. J. F. Fleet edited them in 1878. They are the grant that dates Amma II's coronation, in Saka 867 (December 945). Where they were found is not recorded.

Vandram plates of Amma II

c. 945–970 CE

Five worn Sanskrit copper plates of the Eastern Chalukya king Amma II (crowned 945), found in a backyard at Vandram in the Bhimavaram taluk. E. Hultzsch edited them in 1908. They grant a village, Tanderu or Betipundi, as an agrahara (Brahmin village) to Kuppanayya, a minister who had founded a shrine of Shiva at Draksharama. Their opening repeats the Yelavarru grant almost word for word, and one plate is engraved over another grant of the same king.

Vemalurpadu plates of Amma II

945–970 CE

Five undated Sanskrit copper plates of the Eastern Chalukya king Amma II (945–970). The Madras Museum got them in 1910 from a resident of Vemalurpadu, near Phirangipuram in Guntur district. At the request of Durgaraja, great-grandson of Gunaga Vijayaditya III's general Pandaranga, the king gives two fields in the Karma-rashtra district as an agrahara (Brahmin village) to Durgaraja's minister Musiya. E. Hultzsch, who edited them in 1926, found the writer's Sanskrit full of mistakes. The grant adds that Amma II was made heir-apparent at eight and crowned at twelve.

Yelavarru plates of Amma II

c. 945–970 CE

Five Sanskrit copper plates of the Eastern Chalukya king Amma II (crowned 945), dug up in 1864 at Yelavarru (Elavarru) near Repalle, the very village they grant. On the winter solstice the king gives Elavarru in the Velanandu district to Koramiya, a Brahmin who headed the writing office of the gold treasury. The king's mother had brought Koramiya up. J. F. Fleet edited the plates in 1883, and parts of them are palimpsests, cut down from two older charters.

Arumbaka plates of Badapa

c. 956–999 CE

Five undated Sanskrit copper plates of Badapa, son of Yuddhamalla II, found buried in a pot at Polamuru in the Tanuku taluk in 1921. Badapa claims that, with the help of the Rashtrakuta king called Karnaraja-Vallabha, he drove Amma II out of Vengi. He gives the village of Arumbaka, in the Velanandu district (now in Repalle taluk), to the archer Gandanarayana, a brother-in-law of Amma II, who passes it to his cousin. Editors disagree over whether Badapa really ruled, and for how long.

Mangallu grant of Amma II

c. 956 CE

Five Sanskrit copper plates issued in the name of the Eastern Chalukya king Amma II, dug up in the Nandigama taluk and noticed in 1917. The grant says that after eleven years of rule Amma II went to Kalinga because of the Rashtrakuta Krishna III, and that his half-brother Danarnava then ruled. At the request of Kakatya Gundyana, it gives the village of Mangallu (probably Magallu, near Nandigama) to a Brahmin. Later historians took Gundyana for an early Kakatiya. V. Rangacharya edited the grant in 1960 and disputed the 1917 reading of the key passage.

Sripundi plates of Tala II

c. 956–999 CE

Five undated Sanskrit copper plates of Tala II, also called Vishnuvardhana, a younger brother of Badapa and son of Yuddhamalla II. They were found buried at Sripundi (Sripudi, Repalle taluk) in the late 18th century and copied for the Mackenzie collection about 1800, and they reached the Madras epigraphist in 1908. Made 'during the period of his rule', they give a small village near Sripundi to Kuppanayya of the Pallavamalla family, whose father had died in Tala's service. Their family tree leaves out the reign lengths and rearranges the kings of 925–934.

Tandikonda grant of Amma II

c. 958 CE

Four surviving Sanskrit copper plates of the Eastern Chalukya king Amma II, dug up near Oruvakallu in Sattenapalle taluk about 1914–15. The finder melted down the fifth plate and the seal. The king gives Tandikonda (Tadikonda, near Guntur) and three other villages to the temple of Uma-Mahesvara at Bezwada, built by Vijayaditya II. The king's preceptor Vidyesvara composed the grant, and it sets out his spiritual line in the Kalamukha school of Pasupata Saivas. Its editor dated it to Saka 880 (958), but the journal's editor doubted his reasoning.

Parbhani plates of Arikesari III

966 CE

A Sanskrit copper-plate grant of the Chalukya king Arikesari III of Vemulavada, a feudatory of the Rashtrakuta Krishna III, dated 7 April 966. It gives the village of Kuttumvritti-Vanikatupalu in the Repaka Twelve of the Sabbi Thousand to the Jaina author Somadeva Suri. The gift was for the Subhadhama Jinalaya, a temple built by the king's father at the capital, Lembulapataka (Vemulavada). It is the only dated grant of the family.

Korapolu inscription of Taila II

973 CE

A Kannada inscription at Korapolu in the Medak district, dated in the reign of the Western Chalukya king Ahavamalla Taila II. P. B. Desai equated its date with 10 April 973. It records land grants by the king's feudatory Soma Permadi, who ruled from Korapolu, to a Shiva temple built by his father. It is one of the earliest records of the new dynasty.

Larger Leiden plates of Rajaraja I

1005 CE

Chola copper-plate grant, now in Leiden, recording Rajaraja I's gift in his 21st year of a village to a Buddhist monastery at Nagapattinam built by the Sailendra king of Srivijaya, confirmed after his death by Rajendra I. For the Telugu country it matters for its list of Rajaraja's conquests, which includes Vengai-nadu, the Eastern Chalukya country, and Kalingam, and for its editor's account of the Chola part in Vengi.

Ranastipundi grant of Vimaladitya

c. 1011–1022 CE

A Sanskrit copper-plate grant of the eighth year of the Eastern Chalukya king Vimaladitya, found in the Amalapuram taluk of the Godavari delta. V. Venkayya edited it in 1901. It is the only known record of this king, and the earliest to give the dynasty's mythical descent from the Moon and the legend of Vijayaditya and Trilochana-Pallava. It fixed Vimaladitya's coronation at 10 May 1011, and with it the length of the interregnum (the years without a king) in Vengi.

Tiruvalangadu plates of Rajendra I

1018 CE

The largest known set of Chola copper plates, thirty-one sheets on a massive ring and seal, recording a grant of the sixth year of Rajendra I (about 1018) to the Siva temple at Tiruvalangadu in the Tamil country. Its Sanskrit verses, added later, give the Chola view of the Telugu country: Rajaraja I's killing of 'the Andhra king Bhima', and Rajendra's wait on the Godavari while his general carried the war through Orissa and Bengal to the Ganges and brought back its water.

Kalidindi grant of Rajaraja I

c. 1022 CE

A Sanskrit copper-plate grant of the Eastern Chalukya king Rajaraja I (Rajaraja Narendra). A farmer dug it up at Kalidindi near the Kolleru lake in 1938, and N. Venkataramanayya edited it in 1952. It records a battle in which three Chola generals sent into the Andhra country fell fighting the commanders of the Karnata (Western Chalukya) king. It also records the three Shiva temples Rajaraja built at Kalidindi in their memory. It says that the Chola emperor Rajendra gave Rajaraja his daughter Ammanga as chief queen.

Korumelli plates of Rajaraja I

c. 1022 CE

Five copper plates of the Eastern Chalukya king Rajaraja I (Rajaraja Narendra). They grant the village of Korumelli in Guddavadi-vishaya to a Brahmin on the occasion of a lunar eclipse. Once in Sir Walter Elliot's collection and now in the British Museum, they were edited by J. F. Fleet in 1885. They give the date of the king's coronation in Saka 944 (August 1022), and tell of his father's marriage to the Chola princess Kundava.

Mogalcheruvula grant of Kusumayudha IV

c. 1040–1065 CE

A Sanskrit copper-plate grant of Kusumayudha IV, of the Madugonda (Mudigonda) branch of the Chalukyas. It gives the village of Mogaluchuruvulu, which bordered on Koravi, to the Brahmana Doneya at a winter solstice. Cecil Bendall found the five plates in the Nizam's treasury at Hyderabad in 1899 and published them in 1903. It is undated, and from its letters it is assigned to the 11th century or later. Its pedigree of eight generations from Kokiraja is the basis of the family's history.

Nandamapundi grant of Rajaraja Narendra

1053 CE

Five copper plates of 1053 CE recording the gift of Nandamapundi village to the poet Narayana. The gift was made in the 32nd regnal year of the Eastern Chalukya king Rajaraja I. The grant names its verse-writer as Nanniyabhatta, perhaps Nannaya of the Telugu Mahabharata.

Bodhan inscription of Somesvara I

1056 CE

A Kannada inscription at Bodhan in the Nizamabad district, of the reign of the Western Chalukya king Trailokyamalla Somesvara I, dated 29 May 1056 by P. B. Desai. It records that the king's officer Jogapayya restored the ruined temple of Indranarayana and set up an image of Vishnu and a Garuda pillar there. It says that the Rashtrakuta king Indravallabha had built this temple in the town of Bodana.

Nadagam plates of Vajrahasta

1058 CE

Five copper plates with a bull seal, found by a cultivator at Nadagam in the Narasannapeta taluk (Srikakulam district). They record a grant made from Kalinganagara in Saka 979 (1058) by the Ganga king Vajrahasta, lord of the Three Kalingas, to his son-in-law Samaya. They give the exact moment of Vajrahasta's coronation in 1038 and a list of the kings before him. Their editor, G. V. Ramamurti, used them to argue that Kalinganagara was Mukhalingam.

Alampur inscription of Somesvara II, 1073

1073 CE

Kannada inscription at Alampur on the Tungabhadra, of the reign of the Western Chalukya king Bhuvanaikamalla Somesvara II ruling from Bankapura. P. B. Desai dated it to 24 April 1073. It records a gift of land to the god Brahmesvara of Alampur by the Choda chief Chiddana, who governed four districts on the Tungabhadra. It is one of about twenty Western Chalukya records at Alampur, where the god Brahmesvara is described as adorning 'the western entrance of Sriparvata'.

Dirghasi inscription of Vanapati

1075 CE

A stone inscription of Saka 997 (1075–76) at Dirghasi near Kalingapatnam, in sixteen lines of Sanskrit verse followed by seven of Telugu verse. It records that Vanapati, a Brahmin general of the Ganga king Rajaraja I, built a dancing hall before the temple of Durga and gave lamps. It credits him with victories over the Chola king, the Utkala, and the kings of Vengi, Kimidi, Kosala and Odda.

Teki plates of Rajaraja-Chodaganga

c. 1086 CE

A Sanskrit copper-plate edict of Chodaganga, surnamed Rajaraja, dated in the 17th year of the reign. Chodaganga was a son of the Chola-Chalukya emperor Kulottunga I and viceroy of Vengi. A cultivator found the plates at Teki in the Godavari delta in 1901. The edict confers honours at weddings on the Teliki families, hereditary servants of the Eastern Chalukyas said to have come from Vijayavata (Vijayawada). E. Hultzsch used it to revise the order of the viceroys of Vengi under Kulottunga I.

Kolanupaka inscription of Tondarasa

1088 CE

A Kannada inscription of 24 December 1088 at Kolanupaka, of the reign of the Western Chalukya Vikramaditya VI. In it the feudatory (subordinate ruler) Tondarasa Chola-maharaja of Kandur, ruling the Kollipake seven-thousand province, gives land and other gifts to the god Uttaresvara. P. V. Parabrahma Sastry identified Tondarasa with the Kandur Choda Tondaya II.

Chellur plates of Vira-Choda

c. 1090 CE

A Sanskrit copper-plate grant of the 21st year of Vira-Choda, a son of Kulottunga I and viceroy of Vengi. It gives a village to a Vishnu temple that his general Medamarya had built at the agrahara of Chellur near Ramachandrapuram. It was formerly in Sir Walter Elliot's collection, and E. Hultzsch (1890) and J. F. Fleet (1890) edited it. It records Vira-Choda's installation in Saka 1001 (23 August 1078) and the succession of governors of Vengi under the Chola-Chalukya emperor.

Kazipet Dargah pillar inscription

1090–1098 CE

A damaged Sanskrit and Kannada pillar inscription, now in the Dargah at Kazipet near Hanamkonda. It records a Kakatiya grant of 1090 to a Kalamukha teacher of Srisailam. It also records that Beta II's son Dugga-Tribhuvanamalla set up the pillar in 1098. Its verses are the main source for the earliest Kakatiya chiefs, Beta I, Prola I and Beta II.

Gangapuram inscription of Vikramaditya VI, 1091

1091 CE

A Kannada inscription at Gangapuram in the Mahbubnagar district, of the reign of the Western Chalukya king Tribhuvanamalla Vikramaditya VI, who ruled from Kalyanapura. It is dated in Chalukya-Vikrama year 16 (25 December 1091). It records a gift of land as an endowment for astrologers. The royal preceptor Sakalaprakasa Bhattaraka made the gift for the prosperity of the emperor. Gangapuram has one of the largest groups of Western Chalukya records in Telangana.

Simhachalam inscription of Kulottunga I

1099 CE

Damaged Tamil inscription of the Chola king Kulottunga I on a slab in the mandapa of the Varaha-Narasimha temple at Simhachalam, near Visakhapatnam, dated Saka 1021 (1099). V. Rangacharya and W. Francis took it as confirmation of Kulottunga's conquest of Kalinga celebrated in the Tamil poem Kalingattupparani; Robert Sewell was more cautious.

Draksharama inscription of Kulottunga I (1103)

1103 CE

Sanskrit inscription in Telugu characters on the south wall of the Bhimesvara temple at Draksharama, dated in the 33rd year of the Chola king Kulottunga I (1103). It records the deeds of his general Vanduvaraja, also called Pallavaraja, who burnt the Kalinga country, defeated the Ganga king and Devendravarman and set up a pillar of victory on the borders of the Odra country, and his gifts in the Vengi country, including a pavilion at Draksharama. K. V. Subrahmanya Aiyer identified him with Karunakara Tondaiman, the hero of the Kalingattupparani.

Kolanupaka inscription of Jagaddeva

1104 CE

A Sanskrit verse inscription at Kolanupaka (the old Kollipake) in the Nalgonda district, dated Chalukya-Vikrama year 29. P. B. Desai equated the date with 13 March 1104. It traces the Paramara kings of Malwa down to Jagaddeva, son of Udayaditya, whom the Western Chalukya king Vikramaditya VI 'treated as his own son'. It records that the king's general Somala built the temple of Jagaddeva-Narayana at Kollipake while Jagaddeva governed the province from there.

Draksharama inscriptions of Kulottunga I (1107)

1107 CE

Two lamp-gift inscriptions, in Telugu and in Sanskrit and Telugu, on a wall of the Bhimesvara temple at Draksharama, dated both in the 37th year of the Chalukya-Chola king Kulottunga I and in Saka 1029 (1107). Because they give the regnal year and the Saka year together, they helped fix the beginning of Kulottunga's reign as Chola king in 1070. The same wall carries an inscription of the Western Chalukya Vikramaditya VI, recognised at Draksharama after 1118.

Bezwada inscription of Kulottunga I

c. 1111 CE

Tamil inscription of the 41st year of the Chola king Kulottunga I on a pillar in the verandah of the Mallesvara temple at Bezwada (Vijayawada), the same pillar that carries the Telugu verse inscription of the Eastern Chalukya Yuddhamalla. It gives Rajendra-Cholapuram as another name of Bezwada.

Padmakshi temple inscription of Prola II

1117 CE

A Kannada and Sanskrit inscription on a four-sided pillar in front of the Padmakshi temple, on a small hill at Hanamkonda. It is dated in Chalukya-Vikrama year 42, which F. Kielhorn calculated as 24 December 1117. It names the Western Chalukya king Vikramaditya VI as overlord, and his feudatory, the Kakatiya Prola, son of Beta, ruling at Anmakunda. It records a Jaina temple built on the hill by the wife of Prola's minister. When H. Krishna Sastri published it in 1908, it was the earliest known Kakatiya record.

Matedu inscription of Vemabola Malle-nayaka

1120 CE

Telugu inscriptions of 1120 on a stone pillar at Matedu. They record temples built by Malle-nayaka of the Vemabola family, a soldier of the Kakatiya Prola II under the Chalukya Vikramaditya VI. Their verse family history of a 'Pulinda' family says that his father Reva helped establish the Kakatiya kings.

Panugallu inscription of Gokarna Choda

1122 CE

A short Telugu inscription at Panugallu near Nalgonda. In it the Mahamandalesvara Kanduri Gokarna Choda grants the lordships of two villages, with full rights, to a minister's son-in-law and his son. The editor dated it to March 1122.

Gudur pillar inscriptions of the Viriyala family

c. 1124 CE

Undated Telugu verses on a pillar at Gudur near Jangaon, a pillar that also carries a Kannada record of 1124. They tell how the Viriyala chief Erra and the lady Kamasani restored the boy Beta, the Kakatiya chief, to his position. It is the only early account of the near-collapse of the Kakatiya family in the late tenth century.

Panugallu inscription of Mailamba

1124 CE

A Sanskrit and Telugu inscription of Saka 1046 (1124) at Panugallu near Nalgonda. It records that Mailamba, wife of a Kandur Choda king, gave an agrahara (Brahmin village) named Choda-Bhima-Narayana-pura to 108 Brahmans, for the welfare of her son Bhima. It names her three sons, Udayaditya, Bhima and Gokarna.

Kolanupaka pillar of Kumara Somesvara

1125 CE

A Kannada inscription on the four faces of a pillar at Kolanupaka, the old Kollipake. It is dated in Chalukya-Vikrama year 50 (24 March 1125 in P. B. Desai's reckoning). It was set up in the shrine of the Jaina goddess Ambika. It records a grant by Prince Somesvara, son of Vikramaditya VI and later king as Somesvara III, 'in his capital Kollipake'. It calls the pillar both the pillar of fame of his general Svamideva and the pillar of victory of the prince who defeated the lord of Trikalinga.

Tripurantakam inscription of Anantapala

1126 CE

A Kannada inscription of June 1126 in the Tripurantakesvara temple at Tripurantakam, in the old Kurnool district, of the reign of the Western Chalukya king Vikramaditya VI. It says that his general Anantapala was ruling the Vengi twelve-thousand and the Emmedale six-thousand. It also says that Anantapala's nephew Govinda, ruler of the Kondapalli three-hundred, conquered the Chola country. Robert Sewell took it as evidence that the Cholas had lost Vengi to the Western Chalukyas.

Patancheru inscription of Somesvara III

1127 CE

A Kannada inscription at Patancheru, near Hyderabad, of the reign of the Western Chalukya king Bhulokamalla Somesvara III. It records a grant to the astrologer Nanneya Bhatta, made on the day of the king's coronation. P. B. Desai dated that day to 20 February 1127, Chalukya-Vikrama year 51. Desai took the record to identify Patancheru with Pottalakere, a minor Chalukya capital that J. F. Fleet had placed in the Bellary district.

Chellur plates of Kulottunga II (1143)

1143 CE

Sanskrit copper-plate grant of the reign of the Chola king Kulottunga-Chodadeva II, obtained from the karnam of Chellur in the Godavari district and presented by Sir Walter Elliot to the British Museum. After the full Eastern Chalukya family tree, which carries the line through Kulottunga I and Vikrama-Choda to Kulottunga II, it records a grant of villages to Brahmins by Kolani-Katamanayaka, governor of Sarasipuri in a lake in the Vengi country. Its date, written as Saka 1056, was corrected by F. Kielhorn to 24 March 1143.

Jedcherla inscription of Udayana Choda

1162 CE

Telugu inscription of 25 December 1162 at Jedcherla in the Mahbubnagar district, in which two customs officers of the Kandur Choda chief Udayana Choda grant the god of Kodur five Gokarna-Singa coins a month from the shop dues of the town.

Thousand Pillar Temple inscription of Rudradeva

1163 CE

A Telugu and Sanskrit inscription of January 1163 CE at the Thousand Pillar Temple in Hanamkonda. It records that Rudradeva consecrated the temple's three gods. It also tells of the wars by which he and his father Prola II made the Kakatiyas masters of Telangana.

Karimnagar inscription of Gangadhara

1171 CE

Telugu verse inscription of January 1171 on a pillar at Karimnagar. In it Gangadhara, a Brahmin from the Vengi country who served the Kakatiya chiefs Prola II and Rudradeva, lists the agrahara (Brahmin village), temples, tanks and gardens he founded. Among them are temples at Anumakonda and an image of Vishnu as the Buddha.

Mamillapalli inscription of Bhima and Gokarna

1178 CE

Sanskrit and Telugu inscription of Saka 1100 (1178) on a pillar at Mamillapalli near Achampet in the Mahbubnagar district. It records gifts of two villages to the god Narasimha by the Kandur Choda brothers Bhima and Gokarna, sons of Udayaditya. It is the latest record of the family that P. V. Parabrahma Sastry used to date its chiefs.

Amaravati pillar inscription of Keta II

c. 1182 CE

A Sanskrit and Telugu inscription dated in Saka 1104 (probably 1182–83) on a pillar of the Amaresvara temple at Amaravati. It records the grants made by the Kota chief Keta II, probably on the day he came to the throne: villages and lamps for the Buddha, and villages for Brahmans. A second inscription on the same pillar, of 1234, records a lamp given to the Buddha by Kota Bayyalamahadevi.

Warangal fort inscription of Rudradeva

c. 1183 CE

A broken Sanskrit inscription of Saka 1105 (1183–84) found inside Warangal fort. It records King Rudradeva's gift of the village of Modapalli and repeats verses of his Thousand Pillar Temple inscription. A short Telugu record of his brother Mahadeva comes from the same fort.

Pithapuram inscription of Prithvisvara

1186 CE

A Sanskrit and Telugu inscription of Saka 1108 (1186) on the pillar at the entrance of the Kunti-Madhava temple at Pithapuram. It records a village given to the temple by Jayambika, mother of the Velanati chief Prithvisvara. Its long family history in verse is the main source for the history of the Velanati Chodas.

Pithapuram inscription of Mallideva and Manma-Satya II

1195 CE

A Sanskrit and Telugu inscription of Saka 1117 (1195) on the Kunti-Madhava pillar at Pithapuram. In it the Kona chiefs Mallideva and Manma-Satya II grant the village of Odiyuru, near Draksharama, to the temple. It gives the family tree of the Haihaya chiefs of Konamandala and praises the Velanati queen Jayamamba.

Pillalamarri inscription of Recherla Nami-reddi

1202 CE

A Sanskrit and Telugu pillar inscription of March 1202 at Pillalamarri near Suryapet, in the reign of Ganapatideva. It records the Nameshvara temple and the tanks and lands that the general Nami-reddi of the Recherla family gave to it. It also gives the family tree of the Pillalamarri branch of the Recherla generals.

Kondaparti inscription of Malyala Chaunda

1203 CE

A Sanskrit inscription of April 1203 on a pillar at Kondaparti near Warangal. It records the temple of Chaundeshvara and the gift of a village by Malyala Chaunda, commander-in-chief of the young Kakatiya king Ganapatideva. It gives the family line of the Malyala generals. P. V. Parabrahma Sastry read it as the record of the Kakatiya conquest of the Divi island.

Arulala-Perumal inscription of Tammusiddhi, 1205–06

1205 CE

A Sanskrit inscription in Grantha letters on the base of the platform called 'the mountain' in the Arulala-Perumal (Varadaraja) temple at Kanchipuram. It records that in Saka 1127 (1205–06) the Telugu Choda king Tammusiddhi, having been anointed at Nellore, gave the village of Muttiyampakka to the god. It names his father's surname, Ganda-Gopala, and the place of his anointment.

Gunupadu inscription of Nallasiddha

c. 1205 CE

Tamil inscription on a pillar of the mandapa of the Puttanathasvami temple at Gunupadu, in the Gudur taluk of the Nellore district, dated in the 27th year of a Chola emperor Kulottunga, probably Kulottunga III. It records the gift of the village of Velur to the god at Tiruvengadam by the Telugu Choda chief Madhurantaka-Pottapi-Chola, alias Nallasiddha. A photograph of part of it was published in 1905.

Inugurti pillar inscription of Natavadi Rudra

c. 1206 CE

Sanskrit pillar inscription in Nagari script at Inugurti, dated in a Saka year read as 1128 (about 1206), in which the Natavadi chief Rudra, husband of Ganapatideva's sister Mailama, records three Shiva temples named after himself and his parents; with two shorter records of Mailama at the same village.

Kavali inscription of Tammusiddhi, 1207–08

1207 CE

Stone by the tank at Kavali in the Nellore district, in Sanskrit verse in Telugu letters, with the boundaries in Telugu. It records that in Saka 1129 (1207–08) the Telugu Choda king Tammusiddhi founded an agrahara (Brahmin village) named Sripura after his mother Sridevi and gave it to a hundred Brahmana shareholders. It calls his brother Nalla Siddha the eldest son and anointed king, by whose favour Tammusiddhi ruled.

Bayyaram tank inscription of Mailama

c. 1209 CE

An undated Sanskrit pillar inscription of the reign of Ganapatideva, at the great Bayyaram tank. His sister Mailama (Dharmakirti), wife of Natavadi Rudra, set it up. Found in 1965–66, it gives the only long family history of the Kakatiyas, from Venna of Kakati to Ganapati, and it changed the history of the family's origins.

Chebrolu inscription of Jaya

1213 CE

Sanskrit and Telugu inscription on a pillar of the Nagesvara temple at Chebrolu. It records that the Kakatiya king Ganapatideva gave the town to his general Jaya in Saka 1135 (1213–14), the earliest proved date of his reign, and it lists the lands of the town's temples. It marks the Kakatiya takeover of Velanadu, the country of the Velanati Chodas.

Palampet pillar inscription of Recherla Rudra

1213 CE

A Sanskrit verse inscription of 31 March 1213 on a basalt pillar at the Ramappa temple. It praises the Kakatiya king Ganapatideva and records the temples, town and gifts of his general Recherla Rudra.

Ganapavaram inscription of Devapala

1214 CE

A damaged Sanskrit pillar inscription of January 1214 at Ganapavaram in the Huzurnagar taluk. It records how Devapala founded the town of Ganapatipura and its Rudreshvara temple. Devapala's father had served the Paramara prince Jagaddeva, and Devapala was then taken into the service of the Kakatiya Prola II.

Warangal toll inscription of Ganapatideva

1228 CE

A damaged Telugu pillar inscription of July 1228 near the entrance to Warangal fort. It lists the dues that native and foreign merchants paid to the god Virabhadreshvara on dozens of goods, from areca nuts and salt to camphor, musk, silk and pearls. It is the fullest early record of trade and units of measure in the Kakatiya capital.

Ganapesvaram inscription of Jaya

1231 CE

A Sanskrit and Telugu inscription of April 1231 on Divi island in the Krishna delta. It records the Shiva temple that Ganapatideva's general Jaya (Jayapa) built and named Ganapeshvara after his king.

Upparapalli pillar inscription of Kataya

1236 CE

A Telugu verse and prose inscription of 24 January 1236 on a pillar at Upparapalli near Warangal. It records the temple gifts of Kataya, son of Recherla Rudra's Brahman minister Raje-nayaka, made with Ganapatideva's approval. It names Recherla Rudra's parents and Raje-nayaka's campaigns from Bhokkera to Daksharama.

Motupalli pillar inscription of Ganapatideva

1244 CE

Edict of Saka 1166 (1244–45 CE) set up at the port of Motupalli. In it the Kakatiya king Ganapatideva promised sea traders safety for wrecked cargoes and fixed the customs duty on their goods.

Pakhal lake inscription of Jagadala Mummadi

c. 1245 CE

Undated Sanskrit pillar inscription on the bund of the Pakhal lake, from the reign of Ganapatideva. It records that Jagadala Mummadi, son of the king's chief minister Bayyana-nayaka, built the great tank and a town called Ganapapura beside it. It also gives a solar family line of the Kakatiyas.

Rayaparti fragment of Saka 1169

1247 CE

A damaged Sanskrit verse inscription of Saka 1169 (1247) on a slab at Rayaparti, south-east of Warangal. It names a king Rudra who died, his successors Surya and Beta, a lady Suramba and a king Mahadeva. Its editors disagree about who these people were.

Ekamranatha temple inscription of Ganapati

1249 CE

A Sanskrit inscription in Grantha script of June 1249 on a wall of the Ekamranatha temple at Kanchipuram. It records a village given by Ganapati's minister and general Samanta-Bhoja, governor of Kanchi. It is evidence that the Kakatiya kingdom then reached the Tamil country.

Nayanapalle inscription of Ganapatideva

c. 1249 CE

An undated, damaged Telugu prose inscription of the 13th century at Nayanapalle, near Motupalli in the Bapatla country. It records that the Kakatiya king Ganapatideva, on a southern campaign, killed Bayyana and Tikkana, who had burnt Nellore. He also won over the Chola Kulottunga Rajendra-Choda and received elephants from the ruler of Nellore. Its editor dated it about 1249 and linked it with the literary story of how Ganapati restored the Telugu Choda king Manumasiddhi II.

Yenamadala inscription of Ganapamba

c. 1250 CE

A Sanskrit and Telugu inscription on a pillar at Yenamadala in the Guntur taluk. It was set up by Ganapamba, daughter of the Kakatiya Ganapatideva and widow of the Kota chief Beta. It records her temples to Siva, named after her husband and her father, and her gifts at Amaravati, and it gives the Kakatiya and Kota family lines. The date, Saumya (Saka 1172, 1249–50), survives only in a 19th-century copy and has been questioned.

Durgi inscription of Gangaya-sahini

c. 1251 CE

An inscription of Saka 1173 (1251–52) in the Vankesvara temple at Durgi in Palnadu. It records the temple founded by an agent of Gangaya-sahini, who governed the country from Panugallu to Marjavadi for the Kakatiya king Ganapatideva. It also records the village Gangaya-sahini gave the temple, and gives an account of the Kakatiya family.

Sarngapuram plates of Sarngadhara

1255 CE

A Sanskrit copper-plate grant of Saka 1176 (1254–55) from the Darsi division of the Nellore district. In 1926 it was the earliest Kakatiya copper-plate charter known. In it Sarngadhara, son of Ganapatideva's vassal Madhava of Addanki, gave the village of Sarngapuram to Brahmans for the merit of his master.

Bothpur tank inscription of Malyala Gunda

1259 CE

A Telugu and Sanskrit pillar inscription of 1259 at Bothpur in the Mahbubnagar district. It records the tanks, temples and Brahmin endowments of the general Malyala Gunda, who served Ganapatideva of Orugallu. The scholar-poet Ishvara-suri composed it. It is the record that places the Kakatiya dynasty in the fourth caste.

Garavapadu plates of Ganapatideva

1260 CE

A Sanskrit copper-plate grant of 12 April 1260. In it Tikka, a general and son of the Kakatiya king Ganapatideva's minister Devaraja, gave the village of Garavapadu to fifty Brahmans. It traces the Kakatiyas to Karikala Chola and names Kakati as the place where the family began.

Malkapuram pillar inscription of Rudramadevi

1261 CE

A long Sanskrit inscription of 25 March 1261, cut on a huge pillar at Malkapuram near Amaravati. It records Rudramadevi's gift of Mandara to the royal teacher Visvesvara Sambhu of the Golaki matha. It also lists the temple, college, feeding-house, hospital and maternity home that he founded there.

Kotagiri plates of Viryala Sura

1273 CE

Three Sanskrit copper plates of 31 December 1273, found in a tank at Birkur in the Bodhan taluk. They record the gift of a new village, Vejjalapuri or Vainayakapuri, to Brahmans and a Vishnu temple by Sura of the Viryala family. Sura was a feudatory (subordinate ruler) in the reign of Rudramadevi, whom the plates call Ganapati's daughter.

Srikurmam inscriptions of the Chalukya chiefs

1273 CE

Four inscriptions of 1273 to 1318 on pillars of the Kurmesvara temple at Srikurmam. They were left by chiefs who claimed descent from the Eastern Chalukya kings Vimaladitya and Rajaraja Narendra, and who served the Eastern Ganga kings. The earliest calls the chief's father a minister of Narasimha I. It also says that Rajaraja Narendra, with scholars, translated the history of the Bharata race into Telugu. E. Hultzsch took this as a confirmation, from an inscription, of the tradition of Nannaya's Telugu Mahabharata.

Nellore inscription of Sundara Pandya

c. 1276 CE

Tamil inscription on the western wall of the Ranganayakaswami temple at Nellore, recording that 'the emperor of the three worlds, the unequalled among kings, Sundara Pandyadeva', at the request of Kalingarayar, gave the village of Mavadikundai in Mundanadu for offerings in a hall named after him and for the worship of the god Pallikondaperumal. The regnal year is lost. The Nellore gazetteer of 1942 identified the king with a Jatavarman Sundara Pandya who came to the throne in 1276 and was crowned at Nellore.

Kolanupaka inscription of Rudramadevi's reign

1279 CE

A Sanskrit pillar inscription of December 1279 in the Somanatha temple at Kolanupaka. It gives the Kakatiya line from Prola II to the reigning queen Rudradevi (Rudramadevi). It also records a canal and temple gifts made under her Chalukya relative Indushekhara, nephew of her husband Virabhadra.

Srikurmam inscription of Naraharitirtha

1281 CE

A Sanskrit inscription in Telugu letters on a black granite pillar of the Kurmesvara temple at Srikurmam, dated Saka 1203 (1281). It names the Madhva teachers Purushottama, Anandatirtha and Naraharitirtha. It says that Naraharitirtha defended Srikurmam against the Savaras and built a shrine of Yogananda-Narasimha there. It suggests that he governed the Kalinga country under the Eastern Ganga kings. H. Krishna Sastri used it and Naraharitirtha's other records to date the philosopher Madhva.

Chandupatla inscription

1289 CE

A short Telugu inscription of November 1289 from Chandupatla near Nalgonda. It records a gift for the merit of Rudramadevi and her general Mallikarjuna-nayaka after both had died. It is the main evidence for the year of the queen's death.

Panugallu inscription of Immadi Mallikarjuna-nayaka

1290 CE

A Sanskrit and Telugu pillar inscription of May 1290 in the Chaya-Someshvara temple at Panugallu. The son of Rudramadevi's general Nissanka Mallikarjuna made it for the merit of the new king Kumara Rudradeva (Prataparudra). It calls the king the daughter's son of Ganapatideva's successor Rudradeva, that is, of Rudramadevi.

Tripurantakam inscription of Ambadeva

1290 CE

A Sanskrit and Telugu inscription of Saka 1212 (1290) at the Tripurantakesvara temple, Tripurantakam. In it the Kayastha chief Ambadeva confirms the temple's villages and lists his wars against Rudramadevi's nobles, without naming any overlord. It is the main record of the rebellion that troubled the end of her reign.

Raichur fort inscription of Gona Vithala

1294 CE

Inscription of November 1294 on a slab in the rampart of Raichur fort. It records that Vithala-natha, guardian of the realm of Prataparudra's commander Gona Gannaya-reddi, took Adoni, Tumbalam, Manvi and Haluva, entered Raichur and built its stone fort. It is among the earliest dated records of Prataparudra's reign.

Mellacheruvu inscription of Prataparudra's reign

1312 CE

A Telugu inscription of January 1312 at Mellacheruvu in the Huzurnagar taluk. In it the Velamas and all the people of the village, on the authority of the nayamkara holder of a royal officer, endowed the local Shiva temple. They gave land, and fixed levies on grain and on merchants, weavers and shepherds.

Srirangam inscription of Prataparudra

1317 CE

A Telugu inscription in Grantha script of 28 March 1317 in the Ranganatha temple at Srirangam. It records that Prataparudra's general Devari-nayaka defeated Vira-Pandya and the Kerala king Ravivarman Kulasekhara at Tiruvadikunram. He then put Sundara-Pandya back on his throne.

Vilasa grant of Prolaya Nayaka

c. 1330 CE

A Sanskrit copper-plate charter of about 1330, in Telugu script. In it the Musunuri chief Prolaya Nayaka gives the village of Vilasa in the Kona country, on the Godavari, to the scholar Vennaya. Its opening is the only account from the Telugu country, written at the time, of Prataparudra's death on the way to Delhi. It also tells of the Delhi occupation, of Prolaya's war to free the land and of his capital at Rekapalli.

Madras Museum plates of Vema (1345)

1345 CE

A copper-plate grant of 18 March 1345, in which Vema (Prolaya Vema), founder of the Reddi kingdom, gave the village of Atukuru on the Krishna to Brahmans and renamed it Vemapuram. It names his capital as Addanki in the Pungi country and gives the earliest Reddi family tree. It says that he restored the Brahman villages seized by the Muslim conquerors of the Kakatiya kingdom.

Guraja grant of Kapaya Nayaka

1346 CE

A copper-plate grant from Guraja in the old Kistna district, dated at the solar eclipse of 22 February 1346. By it the Musunuri chief Kapaya Nayaka gave the village of Prolavaram, on the Malaghni stream, to the scholar Kandaya Peddi-Bhatta. He gave it for the merit of his predecessor Prolaya Nayaka. The grant gives the Musunuri family line for three generations and places Kapaya's capital at Ekasilanagari, Warangal.

Puvvada grant of Prolaya Vema (1346)

1346 CE

Five copper plates of 1346, found in an old well in the Tenali taluk and now in the Andhra Pradesh State Museum, Hyderabad. They record Prolaya Vema's gift of the village of Puvvada to Brahmans in sixty-four shares. The village lay between the forts of Addanki and Vinukonda and was renamed Vemapuri. The ring carries a Nandi seal and the sign-manual (royal signature) Sri Pallava Trinetra.

Penukonda fort inscription (1354)

1354 CE

A Kanarese (Kannada) inscription on a bastion of the north gate of Penukonda fort. It is dated Saka 1276, Jaya, which E. Hultzsch equated with 25 March 1354. It records that the minister Anantarasa built the fort while Bukka I ruled and his son Virupanna governed the province of Penugonde. It is the earliest dated record of the town, and it shows that a prince of the first Vijayanagara dynasty lived there.

Gooty rock inscription of Bukka I

c. 1355 CE

A single Sanskrit verse cut on a rock near the top of the Gooty fort in the Anantapur district. It praises 'Gutti-durga, the king of forts' as the centre of the wheel of king Bukka's rule over the earth. It compares the rock to Vishnu's conch with right-turning whorls. E. Hultzsch, who edited it in 1890, took the king to be Bukka I of Vijayanagara. Sewell's lists of 1882 had suggested an officer of Krishnadeva Raya.

Bitragunta grant of Sangama II (1356)

1356 CE

Five copper plates kept in the Collector's office at Nellore, edited by H. Krishna Sastri in 1895. They record a gift to Brahmans by Sangama II, son of Kampa, in Saka 1278 (1356). He gave the village of Bitragunta near Kavali, renamed Srikanthapura, and Simkesari near Pushpagiri in the Cuddapah country. The grant names all five sons of Sangama I, and it makes Kampa, not Bukka, the successor of Harihara I. Krishna Sastri concluded that Sangama II held parts of the Nellore and Cuddapah districts without accepting his uncle Bukka I as overlord.

Pillalamarri inscription of the reign of Kapaya Nayaka

1357 CE

A Telugu inscription of 1357 at Pillalamarri, near Suryapet. In it Era-Potu-lemka, servant of Kapaya Nayaka, 'lord of the Andhra country' and lord of the city of Anumanamgallu, records that he set up again the image of the god Erakesvara. 'Sultan Alavadin' had damaged the image in the disturbances of the time. Era-Potu-lemka also gives land for its offerings.

Koduru grant of Anavota Reddi (1358)

1358 CE

Five copper plates of January 1358, found at Koduru in the Gudivada taluk. They record the gift of Koduru, renamed Annavotapuram, to sixty-one Brahmans by Anavota, the second Reddi king. The court poet Balasarasvati composed the text, and it is the only known copper-plate grant of Anavota.

Bukkarayasamudram tank inscription (1364)

1364 CE

A Kanarese (Kannada) inscription on a stone at Bukkarayasamudram, the great tank at Anantapur. It is dated Saka 1286, Krodhin (1364), in the reign of Bukka Raya of Vijayanagar. As V. Rangacharya summarised it in 1919, it records that the minister Anantarasa Udayar dug the tank and built a temple of Sankara on its banks. The Telugu chronicle translated by C. P. Brown as 'The Wars of the Rajas' gives the same year but names the builder Chikkappa Wadeyar.

Rachakonda inscriptions of Anapota (1365)

1365 CE

Three Telugu inscriptions of August 1365 at Rachakonda fort. In them the Recherla Velama chief Anapota-nayaka records the stone fortifications and wells he built on the twin hills of Rajukonda and Naganayanikonda. They also record the tank Anapota-samudram, dug between the hills, and an image of Bhairava set up under his title Pratigandabhairava.

Inavolu inscription of Recherla Anapota

1369 CE

A Sanskrit and Telugu inscription of 19 July 1369 at the Mailara (Mallikarjuna) temple of Inavolu near Warangal. In it the Recherla Velama chief Anapota-nayaka, who ruled Orugallu after the Kakatiyas, grants the village to the god. Its family history says his grandfather Dacaya conquered the Pandyas for Prataparudra.

Nadupuru grant of Anavema

c. 1374 CE

Three copper plates, known from impressions (copies) made for Sir Walter Elliot. They record Anavema Reddi's gift of the village of Nadupuru in the Godavari delta to twenty Brahmans, for the merit of his sister Vemasani, queen of Nallanunka. The village was renamed Vemapura. The grant was made in the temple of Vijayesvara on the Godavari, and it is dated in Saka 1296 (1374–75).

Pachchanitandiparru grant of Anavema (1374)

1374 CE

Five copper plates of 22 August 1374 that record Anavema Reddi's gift of the village of Pachchani-Tandiparru to the astronomer Peddi. They were composed by the court poet Balasarasvati. They were published in Epigraphia Indica XXI (1931–32) with two other Reddi copper plates: a plate of Vema from Chimakurti, and the Pinapadu grant of Komati Vema written by Srinatha.

Kandikonda inscription of Venna (1375)

1375 CE

An inscription of August 1375 at Kandikonda (Skandadri) near Mahabubabad. It records that Venna, son of the Recherla chief Mada Nayaka of Devarakonda, built a temple of Janardana and gave it land. It gives the family's descent from Dacha. It says that Venna came from Devarakonda to rule Skandadri at his father's order.

Umamahesvaram inscription of Mada Nayaka (1377)

1377 CE

A Telugu and Sanskrit inscription of early 1377 at Umamahesvaram, the northern gateway of Srisailam. It records the stone pavilion built for the god Mahesvara by the Recherla chief Mada (Madhava) Nayaka of Devarakonda. It gives a long family tree of his family and ends with a circular verse diagram.

Pedapalakaluru plates of Anavema (1378)

1378 CE

Four copper plates of 4 December 1378, found at Pedapalakaluru near Guntur in 1954 and now in the Andhra Pradesh State Museum, Hyderabad. They record Anavema Reddi's gift of the village to the scholar Ahobala Pandita and eight other Brahmans. Half of the 212 lines describe the village boundaries in Telugu. The family history in the grant credits Prolaya Vema with flights of steps at Srisailam and Ahobilam.

Vanapalli plates of Anavema (1380)

1380 CE

Three copper plates of 6 February 1380, found at Vanapalli in the Amalapuram taluk of the Godavari district and now in the Madras Museum. They record Anavema Reddi's gift of the village of Immadilanka, renamed Anna-Vemapura, to his minister and preceptor (religious teacher) Immadi. They name Kondavidu as the king's capital and describe his court.

Phirangipuram pillar inscription of Peda Komati Vema (1410)

1410 CE

A verse inscription on a stone pillar in front of the Virabhadra temple at Phirangipuram near Guntur, composed by the poet Srinatha. It records the dedication in February 1410 of a tank, Santana-sagara, built by Suramamba, queen of the Reddi king Peda Komati Vema. Half of it is in Sanskrit and half in Telugu. It gives the king's descent from Macha, the elder brother of Prolaya Vema.

Tottaramudi plates of Kataya Vema (1411)

1411 CE

Three copper plates of Saka 1333 (1411–12), found at Tottaramudi in the Amalapuram taluk and now in the Madras Museum. By them Kataya Vema of Rajahmundry gave the village of Mallavaram, named after his wife, to a Brahman. They give the family tree of the Kondavidu kings down to Kumaragiri. They also tell how Kataya Vema, Kumaragiri's minister, received the eastern country with Rajahmundry as its capital.

Devalanagaram inscription of Nagamba (1429)

1429 CE

A Sanskrit inscription of March–April 1429 on the bund of the tank Nagasamudram near Rachakonda. It records the tank dug by Nagamba, queen of the Recherla prince Ravu Madhava. It gives his descent from Era Dacha through Anapota and Singa. It says that he wrote a commentary on the Ramayana, the Raghaviya, in 1427.

Konkuduru plates of Allaya Dodda (1431)

1431 CE

Seven copper plates found in 1887 at Konkuduru, near Ramachandrapuram in the Godavari district. In them Dodda, a son of Allada Reddi of Rajahmundry, gave the village of Gumpini, renamed Alladareddidoddavaram, to Brahmans on 14 January 1431. They give the family tree of Allada's family. Their editor compared it with the accounts in Srinatha's Kasikhandam and Bhimakhandam.

Vemavaram grant of Allaya Vema (1434)

1434 CE

Eight copper plates in the British Museum, received from Rajahmundry. They record a grant by Allaya Vema, son of Allada Reddi, on the day of a total eclipse of the sun, 7 June 1434. The grant founded the village of Allada-Reddi-Vemavaram near Ramachandrapuram. It describes the wars of Allada and the conquests and gifts of Vema.

Gajapati inscriptions at Srikurmam (1452–1503)

1452–1503 CE

Short Telugu records on the black stone pillars of the Srikurmam temple. They are dated in the reigns of the Gajapati kings Kapilendra (1452, 1455, 1460), Purushottama (1470–1495) and Prataparudra (1503), and record gifts of land, lamps, images and silver vessels. They were copied in 1896 and printed in South-Indian Inscriptions V (1925). Monmohan Chakravarti and R. D. Banerji used them to fix the regnal years of the kings, and V. Rangacharya used them to argue that the kings came to the throne earlier.

Kondavidu plates of Ganadeva (1455)

c. 1455 CE

Three copper plates, sent to E. Hultzsch from the Kistna district and edited by him in 1891. They record a gift of the village of Chavali in the Repalle taluk to a number of Brahmins by Ganadeva, called Rautaraya, governor of Kondavidu. The gift was made on the day of a lunar eclipse in Saka 1377. The grant praises 'king Kapila' of the Solar race, the Gajapati of Orissa, whose capital was Cuttack. A pillar inscription of the same Ganadeva at Chintapallipadu is a year older, of April 1454.

Raghudevapuram and Dorapalem grants of Raghudeva (1455–56)

1456 CE

Two copper-plate charters of Raghudeva, nephew of the Gajapati Kapilendra and his governor at Rajahmundry. D. C. Sircar edited them in Epigraphia Indica XXXIII (1959–60): one from a set in the collection of the Andhra Historical Research Society at Rajahmundry, and one from a single plate in private hands. The Raghudevapura grant of June 1456 founded an agrahara (Brahmin village) on the Godavari for forty shares of Brahmins, and it gives the first family tree of Kapilendra's family. The broken Dorapalem grant of 1455–56 gave a village on the Godavari to a Brahmin.

Veligalani grant of Kapilesvara (1458)

1458 CE

Ten surviving plates of a copper charter whose first plate is lost, edited by D. C. Sircar and K. H. V. Sarma in 1963. By it the Gajapati Kapilendra (Kapilesvara), camping on the bank of the Godavari on the full moon of Vaisakha, Saka 1380 (27 April 1458), gave the village of Veligalani to 120 Brahmins and renamed it Kapilesvarapura. It is the only known copper-plate grant of the king himself. It has sections in Sanskrit, Telugu and Oriya, names his father and mother, and is the first to give him the titles Gajapati, Gaudesvara and Navakoti-Karnata-Kalavaragesvara.

Warangal inscriptions of Hamvira and Raghudeva (1460)

1460 CE

Two short records on gateways of the Warangal fort. Both are dated Saturday, the tenth of the bright half of Magha in the year Pramathin, 2 February 1460. They record the capture of the fort from the Bahmanis by two princes of the Gajapati house of Orissa. One was Hamvira (Ambira-deva), son of Kapilendra. The other was his cousin Raghudeva, governor of Rajahmundry, who says that he spared the lives of the Bahmani commander and his men.

Chiruvroli grant of Hambira (1461)

1461 CE

Copper plates found in 1941 at Nemalikallu near Ravela in the Guntur district, and edited by D. C. Sircar and K. H. V. Sarma in 1963. They are the only known copper-plate grant of Hamvira (Hambira), son of the Gajapati Kapilendra. On 4 September 1461 he gave the village of Chiruvroli on the Krishna, renamed Hambirapura, to more than a hundred Brahmins. A plate in Oriya, from another grant, was found with them.

Sayampeta inscription of Dharma-ravu (1464)

1464 CE

A Telugu inscription of April 1464 on a pillar near Sayampeta, north-east of Warangal. In it Dharma-ravu, a great-grandson of the Recherla chief Anapota Nayaka, gives the villages of Muccerla and Mada to the god Tiruvengalesvara and to Brahmin donees. The cultivators attached to their shares go with the gift.

Rachakonda mosque inscription

1484 CE

An Arabic inscription of AH 889 (1484), in the reign of the Bahmani king Mahmud Shah, recording the building of a mosque at Rachakonda by Malik An-Ni'mat, son of Mubarak. G. Yazdani, who translated it, took Malik An-Ni'mat to be the Bahmani governor and the mosque to have been a Hindu temple. Rachakonda had earlier been held by the rayas (chiefs) of Rajkonda, who paid tribute to Ahmad Shah I.

Potavaram grant of Purushottama (1489)

1489 CE

A copper-plate grant known only from lithographs (printed copies) and a translation by Ram Raz, published in Madras in 1827, and edited again by L. D. Barnett in 1916. By it the Gajapati Purushottama gave the village of Potavaram, in the district of Ammanabrolu, to the god Siva of Chadaluvada, in the present Ongole country. The gift was made in Kartika of Saka 1412 (1489). Barnett read it as evidence that by 1489 Purushottama had won back much of the Telugu country lost to the Bahmani sultan Muhammad Shah.

Warangal pillar inscription of Shitab Khan (1504)

1504 CE

A Sanskrit verse inscription, with two lines of Telugu prose, on a four-faced red sandstone pillar in front of the Sambhuni-gudi in Warangal fort. In 143 lines and 36 verses it records that the chief Chittapa Khan (Shitab Khan, or Sitapati) of the Bhogi family took Warangal from the Muslims. This happened on Sunday, the fifth day of the bright half of Magha, Saka 1425, which Hirananda Sastri reckoned as 21 January 1504. The record gives his ancestors, wives and sons, and says that he restored the images of Krishna and of the Kakatiya family goddess. It was composed by Madhava, son of Annarya, and edited by Sastri in 1932.

Velicherla grant of Prataparudra Gajapati (1510 or 1511)

c. 1510 CE

Three copper plates, registered in 1920–21 when the District Munsiff of Kavali sent them to the epigraphist, and edited by G. Ramadas in 1958. They record a gift by the Gajapati Prataparudra to a Brahmin, made while he held court in the great fort of Undrakonda. He gave the village of Velicherla, east of the fort of Udayagiri in the Jaladanki country of Pakanadu. The grant is dated Saka 1432 in a chronogram (a date hidden in words). Its first editor read the date as 4 October 1510, and Ramadas as 24 October 1511. It shows the Gajapati still master of the Nellore country just before Krishnadeva Raya's campaigns.

Tirumala inscriptions of Krishnadeva Raya and his queens (1513–1514)

1513–1514 CE

Telugu, Kannada and Tamil inscriptions on the walls of the first and second enclosures of the Venkatesvara temple on the Tirumala hill. Two of Saka 1434 (1512–13) record gifts by Krishnadeva Raya's queens Chimnaji Amma and Tirumalamma. Four of Saka 1436 (1514–15) are in three languages, and one of them mentions his attack on Prataparudra Gajapati, his pursuit of him to Kondavidu and his capture of Udayagiri. The temple also keeps the copper statues of the king and his two queens, which the Telugu Rayavachakamu says he set up before the god.

Amaravati inscription of Krishnadeva Raya (1515)

1515 CE

A Sanskrit verse inscription in Telugu letters on a slab in the Amaresvara temple at Amaravati, edited by H. Luders in 1903. It praises Krishnadeva Raya as the conqueror of Sivanasamudram, Udayagiri, Vinukonda and Bellamkonda, who took Kondavidu after capturing the Gajapati's son Virabhadra alive. It records that in Saka 1437 (1515) the king performed the tulapurusha gift (giving away his weight in gold) and gave agraharas (Brahmin villages) before the god Amaresa on the bank of the Krishna. It was the first inscription found to describe his eastern campaign.

Mangalagiri and Kaza pillar inscriptions (1515–1518)

1515–1518 CE

Two four-sided pillars in the Guntur country, one lying near the steps of the hill temple at Mangalagiri and the other in the Kodandaramasvamin temple at Kaza. They carry almost the same Sanskrit text of about 257 lines. H. Luders edited them in 1901. They record that Saluva Timma, minister of Krishnadeva Raya, took Kondavidu from the Gajapati's governors on 23 June 1515. They also list the gifts that his nephews Nadindla Appa and Gopa made as governors of Vinukonda and Kondavidu between 1516 and 1518.

Simhachalam inscriptions of Krishnadeva Raya (1516–1519)

1516–1519 CE

Three Telugu inscriptions of Krishnadeva Raya in the Varaha-Narasimha temple at Simhachalam near Visakhapatnam. They are on the base of the asthana-mandapa (audience hall) and on a round pillar of the verandah round the central shrine. They are dated Saka 1438 (1516) and 1441 (1519). They record that the king, after subduing Udayagiri, Kondavidu, Kondapalli and Rajahmundry on his 'first campaign', came to Simhadri. For the merit of his parents he gave the god a necklace of 991 pearls and other jewels. His queens Chinnadevi and Tirumaladevi also made gifts, and later the king gave several villages.

Srikalahasti inscription of Krishnadeva Raya (1516)

1516 CE

A Telugu inscription on the west wall of the second enclosure of the Kalahastisvara temple at Srikalahasti. It is dated Saka 1438, Dhatri (1516), in the reign of Krishnadeva Raya. As V. Rangacharya summarised it in 1919, it refers to the king's conquests, his visit to Kalahasti and his building of the hundred-pillared mandapa (hall) and the big gopura (gate tower) of the temple. The Telugu Rayavachakamu instead dates the king's grants at Kalahasti to the cyclic year Srimukha.

Jami Masjid inscription, Golconda fort

1518 CE

An inscription of AH 924 (1518) over the doorway of the congregational mosque (Masjid Safa) in Golconda fort. It records that Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk built the mosque in the reign of the Bahmani king Mahmud Shah, son of Muhammad Shah. Syed Ali Asgar Bilgrami used it to argue that Sultan Quli stayed loyal to the Bahmanis until 1518, and became independent only after Mahmud Shah's death.

Kondavidu pillar inscription of Nadindla Gopa (1520)

1520 CE

A four-sided pillar near the agrahara (Brahmin village) at Kondavidu, inscribed in Sanskrit and Telugu. H. Luders edited it with H. Krishna Sastri in 1901. It is dated at a lunar eclipse on 2 May 1520. It records that Nadindla Gopa, governor of Kondavidu and nephew of Saluva Timma, rebuilt the temple of Raghunayaka at Kondavidu. He gave the temple the customs on goods on every road of the Kondavidu country, with a list of rates for some fifty articles. The record curses Odda, Telugu and Turuka kings who might break the grant.

Lepakshi temple inscriptions of Achyuta Raya's reign (1533–1538)

1533–1538 CE

Some fifteen Sanskrit and Kannada inscriptions on the walls of the Virabhadra temple at Lepakshi in the Anantapur district. They were copied in 1912 and are dated between Saka 1455 and 1460 (1533–1538), in the reign of Achyuta Raya. They record gifts of villages, tolls and lands to the shrines of Virabhadra (Viresvara), Papavinasa and Raghunatha. The givers were Virupanna (Virappannayya) of Penukonda and his brother Virana Nayaka, sons of Nandi Lakkisetti of Lepakshi, and the king himself. Local tradition makes Virupanna a treasurer of Krishnadeva Raya.

Epitaph of Sultan Quli, Golconda (1543)

1543 CE

Inscriptions in three bands on the black basalt tomb-chest of Sultan Quli, in the Qutb Shahi burial ground at Golconda. An epitaph at its foot calls him 'the Martyr' and 'Bara Malik'. It dates his death to Monday, 2 Jumada II AH 950 (3 September 1543 in T. W. Haig's conversion). Haig noted that the epitaph gives him no royal title. Bilgrami read the word 'Martyr' as confirming that he was murdered at prayer.

Kanuma grant of Sadasiva (1548)

1548 CE

Five copper plates with a boar seal, held by the Collector of Anantapur and edited by S. V. Viswanatha in 1918. They record a gift by the Vijayanagara king Sadasiva in Saka 1470 (1548). He gave the village of Kanuma, in Mundimadugu sima of Gutti valita, to the god Chennakesava and thirty shares of Brahmans. The gift was made at the request of the chief Appalaraja, in the presence of the god Vitthalesvara on the Tungabhadra. Its editor called it the earliest copper-plate grant of Sadasiva then known.

Makka Darwaza inscription, Golconda (1559)

1559 CE

An inscription in Naskh script, more than 46 feet long, across the front of the Makka Darwaza (Mecca Gate) of Golconda fort. It records that the gate was built in AH 967 (1559), in the reign of Ibrahim Qutb Shah, who is named only as 'the namesake of the Friend of God'. It was built by the efforts of his minister Kamaluddin Husain, entitled Mustafa Khan, and the inscription was written by Muhammad of Isfahan.

Penukonda inscription of Channappa Nayudu (1577)

c. 1577 CE

An inscription on the south wall of the Anjaneya temple at the north gate of Penukonda fort. It is dated Saka 1499, Dhatri (1576–77), in the reign of Sriranga I. It records that Channappa Nayudu, an officer of Tirumala, built an inner fort, gates, bastions and trenches at Penukonda for Tirumala. He beat off Muslim generals in 1566–67, 1568–69 and 1576–77. The record ends by calling Penukonda a city built by a god, whose walls no man could boast of conquering. H. Krishna Sastri read it as proof that Tirumala held Penukonda before the battle of 1565.

Ahobilam inscription of Sriranga I (1584)

1584 CE

A Telugu inscription on a slab at the Narasimha temple in Lower Ahobilam, Kurnool district. It is dated Saka 1506 (1584), in the reign of Sriranga I, 'ruling at Penugonda'. V. Rangacharya summarised it in 1919. It grants rights in the temple to the chief Venkataraja, because his grandfather had driven out 'Vibhuramu', the Golconda king Ibrahim. Ibrahim had occupied the temple for seven years, in alliance with the Hande chiefs. A companion slab of 1585, of Venkatapati, records the same chief's gift to the temple.

Jami Masjid inscription, Hyderabad

1597 CE

A Persian verse inscription of AH 1006 (1597) over the door of the Jami Masjid near the Charminar. The mosque was built in the reign of Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah under the minister Aminu-l-Mulk, and the inscription is signed by the calligrapher Baba Khan.

Epitaph of Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, Golconda (1612)

1612 CE

A Persian epitaph in Naskh script on the black basalt sarcophagus (stone coffin) of Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, founder of Hyderabad, in the Qutb Shahi necropolis at Golconda. It dates his death to Saturday, 17 Zi'l-Qa'da AH 1020, and gives his age as 49 years and his reign as 31 years. Bilgrami converted the date to 11 January 1612, and T. W. Haig to 24 January 1612.

Ma Saheba tank inscriptions (1625)

c. 1625 CE

Two nearly identical Persian inscriptions in Naskh script on black stone tablets. They are in the towers at either end of the dam of the Ma Saheba tank, on the old road from Khairatabad to Golconda. They record that the tank was built by Khanum Agha, daughter of Mir Maqsud Ali Tabataba, wife of Prince Mirza Muhammad Amin and mother of Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah. In AH 1034 (1624–25) the king granted the tank to Shah Khundkar.

Musa Burj inscription, Golconda fort (1666–67)

1666–1667 CE

A Persian inscription on the Musa Burj bastion of Golconda fort, with a version in Telugu on another wall. It records the Mughal siege of 1656. Aurangzeb's commander Mir Miran was killed by a gunshot in his trench, and peace followed three days later. Abdullah Qutb Shah's commander Musa Khan then built the great bastion, finished in AH 1077 by the architect Dharmachar. The Telugu text, read by H. Krishna Sastri, dates the siege to Saka 1578 (23 January 1656) and the completion to Saka 1589 (1667).

Toli Masjid inscription (1671)

1671 CE

A Persian verse inscription in the prayer niche of the Toli Masjid, Hyderabad. It records that Musa Khan built the mosque and that it was completed in the reign of Abdullah Qutb Shah. Its chronogram (a phrase whose letters give the date) gives AH 1082 (1671). G. Yazdani edited it in 1921, in Epigraphia Indo-Moslemica for 1917–18, and Bilgrami again in 1927. A second slab in the courtyard, of AH 1043 (1633), belongs to another mosque.

Kali Masjid inscription of Rustam Dil Khan (1702)

c. 1702 CE

A Persian building inscription on black basalt over the central arch of the Kali Masjid, outside the Yaqutpura gate of Hyderabad. It names the Mughal governor Rustam Dil Khan as founder of the mosque. It gives the date AH 1114 (1702) and the name of the writer, Muhammad Ali Husaini. S. A. A. Bilgrami published it in 1927. The graves of Rustam Dil Khan and of his father, the governor Jan Sipar Khan, are close by.

Mir Alam tank inscription (1806)

1806 CE

Short dated inscription on a black basalt reservoir stone of the Mir Alam tank at Hyderabad. It records the completion of the water works in AH 1221 (1806), in the reign of Sikandar Jah, by the minister Mir Alam. Bilgrami (1927) prints the text in Arabic script with the translation: 'In the name of God it flows and thank God it stands firmly. In the year 1221 A.H.'

Bhimavaram inscription of Rajendra I

Incomplete inscription of the Chola king Rajendra I on the south wall of the Bhimesvara temple at Chalukya-Bhimavaram (Samalkot), in the Godavari district, written in the Tamil language but in Telugu characters. It contains only the usual historical introduction of Rajendra's Tamil inscriptions, and it is the only record of his reign in the Godavari district in V. Rangacharya's list.

British Museum grant of Charudevi

A Prakrit copper-plate grant of the Pallava queen Charudevi, wife of the crown prince Vijaya-Buddhavarman, made in the reign of the Maharaja Vijaya-Skandavarman. It gives four nivartanas of land to the temple of Narayana at Dalura. Sir Walter Elliot secured the plates, which are now in the British Museum. They were reported to have been found near Guntur. J. F. Fleet first edited them in 1880, and E. Hultzsch edited them again in 1906.

Chendalur plates of Kumaravishnu II

A Sanskrit copper-plate grant issued from Kanchipura in the second year of the Pallava king Kumaravishnu II. It gives a field of 432 pattikas (a land measure) in the village of Chendalura in Karmarashtra to the Brahman Bhavaskandatrata. It was found buried in a pot of paddy husk at Chendalur in the Ongole taluk, and E. Hultzsch edited it in 1906. With it he edited a grant of the same village by the Eastern Chalukya Sarvalokasraya of 673, which was reported found in the same way.

Chikkulla plates of Vikramendravarman II

A Vishnukundin copper-plate grant, issued from Lendulura in the king's 10th regnal year, giving the village of Regonram near the Krishna to a Shiva temple. It was found in a tank at Chikkulla near Tuni, and F. Kielhorn edited it in 1897. Its date depends on the disputed Vishnukundin chronology.

Chura grant of Vijaya-Vishnugopavarman

A Sanskrit copper-plate grant, with some Telugu words, issued from Palotkata by the Pallava king Vijaya-Vishnugopavarman, son of a Simhavarman. It gives 108 nivartanas in the village of Chura in Karmarashtra to the Brahman Chasamisarman of Kundur. It was obtained at Narasaraopet and edited by C. R. Krishnamacharlu in 1938. It is written in letters of about the 7th century, and he took it to be a copy of an older grant.

Darsi plate of a Pallava grant

Single copper plate, the first of a lost Sanskrit grant of a Pallava king, found in a tobacco field at Darsi in the Nellore district and now in the Madras Museum. A great-grandson of the Maharaja Virakorchavarman issued it 'from the prosperous and victorious residence of Dasanapura'. E. Hultzsch edited it in 1892. Later scholars identified Virakorchavarman with Viravarman of the Nellore–Guntur line and Dasanapura with Darsi itself.

Dharmasagar inscription of the minister Malla

An undated Sanskrit and Telugu pillar inscription of Ganapatideva's reign at Dharmasagar near Hanamkonda. It records land given by the minister Malla to the god Prasanna-Vishveshvara of Elakurki. It also records how the land was shared among temple musicians, dancers and priests.

Hanamkonda inscription of Gangadhara

A broken, undated Sanskrit verse inscription from Hanamkonda. It records that Gangadhara, minister of the Kakatiya Rudradeva, built a temple of Prasanna-Keshava, tanks and shrines. It also describes the wars of Prola II and Rudradeva against Medaraja of Polavasa and other chiefs.

Ipur plates (set I) of Govindavarman's son Madhavavarman

Sanskrit copper-plate grant of the Vishnukundin king Madhavavarman, son of Govindavarman. He issued it from his camp at Kudavada in his 37th year, giving the village of Vilembali in the Guddadi district to a Brahmin. It is one of two Vishnukundin sets found at Ipur in Tenali taluk, and E. Hultzsch edited it in 1924. Whether its king is the great Madhavavarman I or a later Madhavavarman III is disputed.

Ipur plates (set II) of Madhavavarman II

A damaged Sanskrit copper-plate grant of the Vishnukundin king Madhavavarman II, son of Devavarman and grandson of Madhavavarman I, issued from [Ama]rapura. It calls the king lord of the Trikuta and Malaya mountains. It was found at Ipur in Tenali taluk, and E. Hultzsch edited it in 1924. It is in the most archaic script of all the Vishnukundin grants, and its regnal year has been read as 47, 37 and 17.

Kanteru plates of the Salankayanas

Two Sanskrit copper-plate grants of Salankayana kings found buried at Kanteru, six miles from Guntur. One is of Skandavarman in his first year, and one of a king Nandivarman, probably Nandivarman II. Both were issued from Vengi, and both gave land to Brahmins of the Maudgalya gotra. One seal shows a crouching bull, the clearest image of the dynasty's emblem.

Kanukollu plates of Skandavarman

A Sanskrit copper-plate grant of the first year of the Salankayana king Skandavarman, issued from Vengi. It was found at Kanukollu with a Prakrit grant of Nandivarman I. Its four-generation family line, published in 1960, showed that Skandavarman was a great-grandson of Hastivarman I through a second son of Nandivarman I.

Khanapur plates of Madhavavarman

An incomplete Sanskrit copper-plate grant of a Maharaja Madhavavarman, found in 1927 at Khanapur in Satara district, Maharashtra. It gives a village on the Krishna near Karad to two Brahmins. Its first plate, which would have named the dynasty, is lost. V. V. Mirashi and Y. R. Gupte, who edited it in 1956, gave it to the Vishnukundin Madhavavarman I because of the sacrifices and the imperial title it claims. They took it as proof of a Vishnukundin empire reaching into Maharashtra.

Kukkunur plates of Kusumaditya

Copper-plate grant in Telugu prose, with Sanskrit verses, of Kusumaditya of the Mudigonda branch of the Chalukyas, found at Kukkunur near Bhadrachalam. It traces the family from Kariya-Gonaga, lord of Koravipura. It tells how Kusumaditya's ministers Indaparaju and Remaraju took him into twelve years of exile and brought him back to the Visuru-nadu, and it grants them the village of Krichchaka on the Godavari. Its editor called it the earliest copper-plate grant written entirely in Telugu prose. It is undated, and estimates range from the 11th century to about 1200.

Mahendragiri inscriptions of Rajendra I

A Sanskrit inscription at the entrance of the Yudhishthira temple on the Mahendragiri hill, in the old Ganjam district, with a Tamil version on stones near the Kunti shrine, recording that a general of the Chola Rajendra I defeated Vimaladitya and set up a pillar of victory on the mountain. The Chola tiger and the two fish of the Pandya are carved below the Sanskrit record. Most writers take Vimaladitya to be the Eastern Chalukya king of Vengi; H. Krishna Sastri called him a chief of Kuluta.

Mangalur grant of Simhavarman

A Sanskrit copper-plate grant issued from Dasanapura in the eighth year of the Pallava king Simhavarman, son of the crown prince Vishnugopa. It gives the village of Mangadur in Vengorashtra to eight Brahmans. J. F. Fleet published it in 1876 from Sir Walter Elliot's facsimiles. D. C. Sircar took Vengorashtra to be the southern edge of the Vengi country, and V. Venkayya suggested that Dasanapura was Darsi.

Omgodu grant of Skandavarman II (No. 1)

Sanskrit copper-plate grant of the Pallava king Vijaya-Skandavarman (Skandavarman II), issued from Tambrapa in the 33rd year of his reign. It gives the village of Omgodu in Karmarashtra to the Brahman Golasarman. H. Krishna Sastri edited it in 1920. It gave the earliest known members of the Pallava line of the Nellore–Guntur country and is dated in the old seasonal manner of the Prakrit charters.

Pikira grant of Simhavarman

A Sanskrit copper-plate grant issued from the camp at Menmatura in the fifth year of the Pallava king Simhavarman, son of the crown prince Vishnugopa. It gives the village of Pikira in Mundarashtra to the Brahman Vilasasarman. The village munsiff (headman) of Nelatur in the Ongole taluk sent in the plates, which had been the unclaimed property of a dead ascetic. E. Hultzsch edited the grant in 1906.

Polamuru plates of Madhavavarman Janashraya

A Sanskrit copper-plate grant of the Vishnukundin king Madhavavarman Janashraya, son of Govindavarman and grandson of Vikramahendra. He made it while crossing the Godavari to conquer the east. It gave the village of Polamuru to a Brahmin whose son received the same village again from the Eastern Chalukya king Jayasimha I. Noticed in 1914 and edited in Telugu-country journals, it is the key to the Vishnukundin chronology. But its regnal year, its date and even its king are disputed.

Ramatirtham plates of Indravarman

Sanskrit copper-plate grant of the Vishnukundin king Indravarman (Indrabhattarakavarman), issued from Puranisangama in his 27th year. It gives the village of Peruvataka in the Plaki district to a Brahmin. A family of pandits at Ramatirtham near Vizianagaram held it. It was noticed in 1909, and E. Hultzsch edited it in 1914. Its short family line confirmed the line of the Chikkulla plates and the Vishnukundin marriage with the Vakatakas.

Uruvupalli grant of Vishnugopavarman

A Sanskrit copper-plate grant of the Pallava crown prince Vishnugopavarman, issued from Palakkada in the 11th year of a king Simhavarman. It gives two hundred nivartanas of land in the village of Uruvupalli, in the country of Munda, to a temple at Kandukura. J. F. Fleet published it in 1876 from Sir Walter Elliot's facsimiles. Its findspot is unknown.

Velpuru pillar inscription of Madhavavarman

A Sanskrit inscription on a white marble pillar in the Ramalingasvamin temple at Velpuru, in the former Sattenapalle taluk of Guntur district. It names a Vishnukundin king Madhavavarman. Noticed in 1925, it is the only known stone inscription of the dynasty. Only the exposed part has been copied, because the pillar could not be removed from the temple.