Andhra State & Andhra Pradesh

The Andhra State was inaugurated in 1953, with its government at Kurnool.¹ In 1956 the Telangana districts of Hyderabad State were joined to it to form Andhra Pradesh, with Hyderabad city as the capital.² An Act of 2014 divided the state again, into Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.³

This page follows the Telugu districts from 1953 to 2014.¹³ How the Andhra State came about is told on the page Reform, freedom & people’s movements.

About the sources. For the years after 1956, the project’s library holds mainly official documents. These are the report of the States Reorganisation Commission, a central committee’s report of 1969 on the safeguards given to Telangana, legislative debates, and the Act of 2014. They record decisions and the reasons given for them. But they say little about the economic and social history of the state. So this page deals mainly with political and constitutional change.

Two Telugu states, 1953–1956

The Andhra State was inaugurated on 1 October 1953.¹ It was made up of the districts of Srikakulam, Visakhapatnam, East and West Godavari, Krishna, Guntur, Nellore, Kurnool, Anantapur, Kadapa (then Cuddapah) and Chittoor.¹ Three taluks (sub-divisions of a district) of Bellary district were added. Its government sat at Kurnool.¹

The Prime Minister made a statement on the new state in March 1953.⁴ It left Madras city out of the new state.⁴ It also promised a boundary commission later, for the borders with Madras and Mysore.⁴

According to the police history, the first years of the state were “more or less continually unsettled”.⁵ There were agitations over the site of the capital, the sharing of government waste lands (banjar), prohibition and the southern boundary.⁵ The communists organised occupations of banjar lands in Guntur district.⁵

After a vote of no confidence, the governor took over the administration on 15 November 1954.⁶ Mid-term elections followed early in 1955, in a tense atmosphere. The police history says this “attracted international interest”.⁶ Early in 1956, students in several towns demonstrated for Visalandhra, a single state of all Telugu areas. They wanted it formed at once.⁷

The Telangana districts were still part of Hyderabad State. In December 1949 its military government gave way to a civil chief minister, M. K. Vellodi.⁸ He brought four members of the Hyderabad State Congress into the administration.⁸ The first general elections were held in March 1952. After them, a ministry was formed under B. Ramakrishna Rao.⁸

In September 1952, students in Warangal began an agitation against the employment of non-mulkis (people not native to the state) in its services.⁹ It spread to Hyderabad and Secunderabad. There, police firing left eight people dead.⁹ A judicial inquiry found the firing justified.⁹

The States Reorganisation Commission, 1955

The States Reorganisation Commission reported in 1955. Its members were S. Fazl Ali, H. N. Kunzru and K. M. Panikkar.¹⁰ It had already recommended that two Kannada districts of Hyderabad State, Raichur and Gulbarga, go to a new Karnataka State.¹⁰ It found public feeling “overwhelming and insistent” for breaking up Hyderabad State by language.¹⁰

For the Telugu areas, the commission set out both sides of the argument.¹¹ It listed these points in favour of Vishalandhra:¹¹

• a state of about 32 million people, with large water, power and mineral resources
• unified control over the Krishna and Godavari projects
• Hyderabad as a ready-made capital, which would end Andhra’s search for one¹¹

The commission also recorded the fears in Telangana:¹²

• Telangana’s settled revenues might be absorbed by Andhra, which was financially weaker
• its claims to the Krishna and Godavari waters might be overlooked
• its people, who were behind in education, might be “swamped and exploited by the more advanced people of the coastal area”¹²

Andhra leaders were ready to offer safeguards, such as a share of government jobs for Telangana.¹³ But the commission doubted that these would work without central supervision.¹³

The commission concluded that Telangana should, for the present, form a separate state called Hyderabad State.¹⁴ It could join Andhra after the general elections expected around 1961.¹⁴ For this, its legislature would have to vote for unification by a two-thirds majority.¹⁴ If public feeling in Telangana turned against unification, it would stay separate.¹⁴

The Andhra government had again claimed Madras city.¹⁵ The commission regarded that matter as settled.¹⁵

The Andhra Legislative Assembly debated the report at Kurnool on 25 November 1955.¹⁶ The Chief Minister, B. Gopala Reddi, moved the government’s motion.¹⁶ It asked the Government of India to join Telangana and Andhra at once, instead of waiting until 1961.¹⁶ It wanted Hyderabad to be the seat of the government and the High Court.¹⁶

The same motion offered Telangana these assurances:¹⁶

• its development would be treated as a special charge (duty) of the state
• it would have reserved places in government services and colleges, in proportion to its population
• its irrigation would be developed¹⁶

The formation of Andhra Pradesh, 1956

The government did not adopt the commission’s proposal for a separate Hyderabad State.¹⁷ On 20 February 1956, leaders of the two states met at the Hyderabad Guest House in New Delhi:¹⁷

• for Andhra: B. Gopala Reddy, Sanjeeva Reddy, G. Latchanna and A. Satyanarayana Raju
• for Hyderabad: B. Ramakrishna Rao, K. V. Ranga Reddy, Chenna Reddy and J. V. Narasinga Rao¹⁷

They agreed on safeguards for Telangana in a unified state. This became known as the “Gentlemen’s Agreement”.¹⁷ A note based on it was laid before the Lok Sabha on 10 August 1956.¹⁷

A central committee reproduced a version of the agreement in 1969.¹⁸ According to that version, the agreement provided for:¹⁸

• a regional committee of the Telangana members of the assembly, to deal with development, local government, education, the sale of farm land and other subjects
• Telangana to be treated as a unit for recruitment to subordinate services, for five years
• Urdu to keep its existing place in administration and the courts, for five years
• the new state’s general spending to be shared in proportion, with the rest of Telangana’s revenue kept for its development¹⁸

Andhra Pradesh was formed on 1 November 1956.² That morning Neelam Sanjiva Reddy and his ministers took the oath of office.¹⁹ In a radio talk from Hyderabad the same day, he promised that the minorities and the employees of the Telangana region would suffer no hardship.¹⁹ He also promised that the agreement made by the leaders would be carried out to the letter.¹⁹ The Telangana districts of Hyderabad State were joined to the Andhra State, with Hyderabad city as the capital.² These districts were Hyderabad, Medak, Mahbubnagar, Nizamabad, Warangal, Khammam, Nalgonda, Karimnagar and most of Adilabad. A few taluks moved from neighbouring districts were also added.²

The police history calls the event “of national importance” and the fulfilment of “a long-cherished dream”.² The two administrations had to be merged. The police history describes a time of “intense departmental activity” to join two different police systems.²⁰

Traces of the change appear in other official records. In 1956 a corpus (collection) of Telangana inscriptions was published. It names the Government of Andhra Pradesh as its publisher.²¹ Its foreword is dated at Hyderabad on 28 October 1956 and signed by B. Ramakrishna Rao as Chief Minister.²¹ The foreword treats the inscriptions of the Telugu districts of the Andhra and Hyderabad States as two separate groups.²¹

The editor’s preface is dated 20 October 1956.²¹ It describes Ramakrishna Rao as Chief Minister of Hyderabad and governor-designate (chosen as the next governor) of Kerala.²¹

Articles in Epigraphia Indica written in the mid-1950s place sites in Srikakulam, Kurnool and Anantapur districts “of the Andhra State”.²² A volume for 1957–58 places a findspot in Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh.²² In August 1960 the Madras government told its Assembly about river waters. It said it had made no recent agreement with Andhra Pradesh about bringing Andhra river waters to Madras.²³

The safeguards in dispute, 1956–1974

The safeguards of 1956 became a lasting subject of dispute. The sources record the official responses, not the movements themselves.²⁴ Most of this section rests on answers and statements given in the Lok Sabha by the Government of India.²⁵²⁶

The regional committee and the residence rules, 1957–1969

One of the safeguards agreed in 1956 was a regional committee for the Telangana area.²⁵ Parliament provided for it in Article 371(1) of the Constitution, through the Seventh Amendment.²⁵ The Andhra Pradesh Regional Committee Order, 1958 was issued on 1 February 1958, and the committee came into being that day.²⁵

Under the order, the Governor had a special responsibility (a duty he had to see to himself) for the proper working of the committee.²⁷ The committee’s own rules treated its proceedings as private and confidential.²⁵ Its reports on regional Bills went to the Legislative Assembly.²⁵

Before 1956, Hyderabad State had its own residence rules, the Mulki rules.²⁶ Under them, a person who was not a mulki could not get a government post without the Nizam’s sanction.²⁶ A person could become a mulki by living in the state for at least 15 years.²⁶ The rule stayed in force after 1948.²⁶

In 1957 Parliament passed the Public Employment (Requirement as to Residence) Act.²⁶ Section 2 of the Act repealed the Mulki rules.²⁶ Section 3 allowed the Central Government to make rules requiring residence in Telangana for certain posts.²⁶

Under those rules, a candidate needed 15 years’ residence in Telangana for subordinate (lower) posts and for posts of tahsildar (head of a taluk).²⁶ The old Mulki rules had covered all posts.²⁶ The Act and its rules came into force in 1959, for five years.²⁶ They were later extended twice, up to March 1974.²⁶

On 17 March 1969 the Minister of State for Home Affairs moved a Bill in the Lok Sabha to extend the Act for five more years.²⁸ On 28 March 1969 the Supreme Court struck down section 3 and its rules for the Telangana area.²⁶ The case was A. V. S. Narasimha Rao and others against the State of Andhra Pradesh.²⁶

The Telangana agitation of 1969

By January 1969 there was an agitation in the Telangana area for the proper carrying out of the safeguards.²⁵ On 19 January 1969 the Chief Minister called the leaders of all parties in the state legislature to a meeting.²⁵ They agreed to reserve certain posts in Telangana for people with a domicile (settled home) there.²⁵ They also agreed to use Telangana’s surplus revenue for its development.²⁵ In the same accord they condemned the slogan, raised in some quarters, for a separate Telangana State.²⁵

The disturbances spread to the Singareni coal mines.²⁹ On 31 January 1969 police opened fire on a crowd at Godavarikhani.²⁹ They fired again at Ramakrishnapur on 4 February 1969.²⁹ A minister told the Lok Sabha that these disturbances were “over the question of Telangana safe-guards”.²⁹

On 8 and 9 March 1969 a Telangana People’s Convention met in Hyderabad.³⁰ It was called by the students’ Action Committee for a separate Telangana and by the Praja Samiti.³⁰ It passed a resolution demanding statehood for Telangana.³⁰ According to the Home Ministry, no national party took part.³⁰

On 10 April 1969 four leaders, among them Dr. Chenna Reddy, met the Prime Minister at her request.³¹ Later that month she met other leaders of the state.³¹ Among them were Konda Lakshman Bapuji, J. Vengala Rao and G. Latchanna.³¹

On 11 April 1969 the Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi, made a statement on Telangana in the Lok Sabha.³² She announced eight measures. Among them were these:³²

• a high-powered committee, headed by a judge of the Supreme Court, to work out Telangana’s surplus revenue
• a Telangana Development Committee, headed by the Chief Minister, to watch over plans for the region
• a study, with a committee of jurists (legal experts), of safeguards in the Constitution for Telangana in public jobs
• review meetings every six months between the Prime Minister and the state’s leaders³²

She appealed to the people of Telangana to end “the present agitation”.³²

The agitation went on.³¹ The Union Home Minister visited Hyderabad on 7 and 8 June 1969.³³ He met many groups, among them the Telangana Praja Samiti, and urged that all agitation be stopped.³³ The Telangana Development Committee first met on 26 June 1969.³³

By late July 1969 the committee of jurists had sent in its report.³³ The state cabinet had been re-formed, with a Deputy Chief Minister from Telangana.³³ The non-gazetted (lower-grade) officers of Telangana had called off their strike.³³

In 1969 the Government of India set up a committee under Justice Vashishtha Bhargava of the Supreme Court.²⁴ Its task was to find out how much of Telangana’s surplus revenue since 1 November 1956 should have been spent on its development, but had not been.²⁴

The committee followed two earlier events:²⁴

• an all-party accord in the state on 19 January 1969
• a statement on Telangana by the Prime Minister in the Lok Sabha on 11 April 1969²⁴

The committee heard representatives of both regions.³⁴ They agreed that the Gentlemen’s Agreement was the basis of the inquiry, but disagreed on its terms.³⁴ The Andhra representatives cited a clause in the original minutes. This clause had been left out of the note laid before Parliament.³⁴ On that basis, they argued that the surpluses should be counted for five years only, or at most ten.³⁴

The committee rejected this. It reasoned that Telangana had agreed to join only on condition of special consideration for its development.³⁴ It reported on 25 October 1969.³⁴

The committee put the unspent surplus of Telangana, from 1956–57 to 1967–68, at Rs. 2,834.31 lakh.³⁵ It doubted that keeping this money for Telangana would, by itself, let the region catch up with the Andhra region.³⁶ So it asked the state government to give Telangana enough funds to speed up its development.³⁶

The Mulki judgment and the agitation of 1972–1973

On 3 October 1972 the Supreme Court gave another judgment.²⁶ It held that section 2 of the 1957 Act was also invalid for the Telangana area.²⁶ So the residence rule of the Mulki rules was still in force there.²⁶ The Home Minister later told the Lok Sabha that the rules had revived “with retrospective effect and without any limitation”.³⁷

The two regions now made opposite demands.²⁶ Telangana asked for the 15-year residence rule in all government posts.²⁶ The Andhra region wanted only the earlier, narrower safeguards to continue.²⁶

An agitation against the Mulki rules began in the Andhra region on 25 October 1972.³⁸ According to the Railway Minister, students at first held up trains at stations, mainly in the Vijayawada railway division.³⁸ On 21 November 1972 crowds attacked the stations at Tenali, Ongole and Adoni.³⁸ Police opened fire there, and a number of people died.³⁸

The leaders of the state could not agree among themselves.³⁹ On 27 November 1972 the Prime Minister announced the Centre’s decisions in the Lok Sabha.³⁹ The Home Ministry later called them the five-point formula.⁴⁰ They were these:³⁹

• the Mulki residence rule would apply only to non-gazetted posts and to posts of tahsildar, civil assistant surgeon and junior engineer in Telangana
• these safeguards would end in December 1980, and in Hyderabad and Secunderabad in December 1977
• service cadres would be divided by region up to the first or second gazetted level
• Telangana students would keep their places in colleges in the twin cities
• Hyderabad and Secunderabad would have one combined police force³⁹

The Lok Sabha passed the Mulki Rules Bill on 21 December 1972, by 233 votes to 40.⁴¹ According to the Home Ministry, the agitation then grew, mainly in the Andhra region.⁴⁰

On 17 January 1973 the Governor reported that the Chief Minister, P. V. Narasimha Rao, had resigned with his council of ministers.⁴⁰ The Governor found that no other party could form a government.⁴⁰ On 18 January 1973 the President took over the government of the state under Article 356 (President’s rule).⁴⁰ The assembly was kept suspended, not dissolved.⁴⁰

The Six-Point Formula and Article 371D, 1973–1974

A further settlement came in 1973.⁴² In April 1974 the Tamil Nadu Assembly ratified the Constitution (Thirty-second Amendment) Bill. The minister moving it summarised its background.⁴² In 1957 Parliament had passed an Act reserving certain posts in Telangana for local residents.⁴² The Supreme Court had struck down some of its provisions.⁴² The working of the safeguards had caused discontent, at times in Telangana and at times in the other regions.⁴²

On 21 September 1973, leaders of Andhra Pradesh agreed on what was called the Six-Point Formula.⁴² It aimed at balanced development and equal chances in education and government jobs across the state.⁴²

The formula came out of talks with the Central Government.⁴³ Leaders of the Congress Forum for Separate Telangana took part in them.⁴³ Some of the state’s leaders explained the formula further in a statement of 22 October 1973.³⁷

According to the Home Minister, the formula rested on four ideas:³⁷

• faster development of backward areas in all parts of the state, not only Telangana
• preference for local candidates in admission to colleges, on the same basis across the state, and a central university at Hyderabad
• preference for local candidates in some lower posts, again on the same basis across the state
• an administrative tribunal for disputes in government service³⁷

On 10 December 1973 the President revoked President’s rule in Andhra Pradesh.⁴⁴ A new ministry was formed and endorsed the formula.³⁷ J. Vengala Rao was Chief Minister from 1973 to 1978.⁴⁵

On 18 December 1973 the Lok Sabha passed the amendment Bill by 311 votes to 8.³⁷ There it was called the Constitution (Thirty-third Amendment) Bill.³⁷ The House passed the Mulki Rules (Repeal) Bill the same day.³⁷

The amendment put Articles 371D and 371E into the Constitution to give effect to the formula.⁴² It provided an administrative tribunal for service disputes and a central university for the state.⁴² The formula provided for winding up the regional committee. So the clause of Article 371 on which that committee rested was removed.⁴²

The renewed demand and the Srikrishna Committee, 2004–2013

The demand for a separate Telangana State came up again.⁴⁶ On 13 July 2004 the Home Ministry told the Lok Sabha that there was a persistent demand for it.⁴⁶ It had received requests from many groups:⁴⁶

• the Telangana Study Forum
• Telangana Congressmen
• the Osmania University Teachers’ Association
• the Telangana Praja Party, and others⁴⁶

The ministry said the Union government would consider a consensus among all the parties concerned.⁴⁶

On 10 December 2009 the Finance Minister, Pranab Mukherjee, spoke on Telangana in the Lok Sabha.⁴⁷ He said that a decision had been taken very late the previous night, and that the Home Minister had announced it.⁴⁷ He promised that all the procedures for forming a new state would be followed.⁴⁷ He also said that Chandrasekhar Rao had ended his fast.⁴⁷

In February 2010 the Government of India set up a five-member committee under Justice (retired) B. N. Srikrishna.⁴⁸ It was to consult all parties and groups in Andhra Pradesh.⁴⁸ It was to examine both the demand for a separate state and the demand to keep the state united.⁴⁸ It submitted its report on 30 December 2010.⁴⁸⁴⁹

The Home Minister later told the Lok Sabha that the report listed six possible options:⁴⁸

• keep the state as it was
• divide it into Seemandhra and Telangana, with Hyderabad as a Union Territory
• divide it into Rayala-Telangana and coastal Andhra, with Hyderabad in Rayala-Telangana
• divide it into Seemandhra and Telangana, with an enlarged Hyderabad as a Union Territory
• divide it along the existing borders, with Hyderabad as Telangana’s capital and a new capital for Seemandhra
• keep the state united, with a regional council for Telangana given powers by law⁴⁸

On 6 January 2011 the Home Minister met the major parties of the state legislature.⁴⁸ He asked them to study the report and form an opinion.⁴⁸ In August 2011 he said that these talks were still going on.⁴⁸

Division, 2014

The Home Minister, Sushilkumar Shinde, introduced the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Bill in the Lok Sabha on 13 February 2014.⁵⁰ On 18 February 2014 the Lok Sabha passed the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Bill.⁵¹ There were repeated disruptions and adjournments during the debate.⁵¹ The Home Minister, Sushilkumar Shinde, moved the Bill.⁵² He told the House that the movement for a separate Telangana had “a long and chequered history”.⁵²

He said movements for separate states had peaked in the late 1960s and early 1970s, both in Telangana and in the rest of Andhra.⁵² Agreements had settled them for the time being. But, he said, these hopes had risen again in recent years.⁵²

The debate records both sides.⁵³ Members from Telangana said the safeguards of 1956 had not been kept, and spoke of a long struggle for statehood.⁵³ Members from the coastal and Rayalaseema regions argued that division weakened the linguistic basis of states.⁵³ They asked how one city could be the capital of two states, and what compensation the remaining state would receive.⁵³

The Rajya Sabha agreed to the Bill without any change on 20 February 2014.⁵⁴

The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 received the President’s assent on 1 March 2014.³ It formed a new State of Telangana from these districts: Adilabad, Karimnagar, Medak, Nizamabad, Warangal, Rangareddi, Nalgonda, Mahbubnagar, Khammam (excluding certain villages) and Hyderabad.³ The remaining districts stayed as the State of Andhra Pradesh. The change would take effect from an “appointed day”, to be notified.³

The appointed day was 2 June 2014.⁵⁵ Just before it, an ordinance of 29 May 2014 changed the borders laid down in the Act.⁵⁵ It moved the mandals (sub-districts) of Khammam district needed for the Polavaram irrigation project to Andhra Pradesh.⁵⁵ Bhadrachalam town stayed in Telangana.⁵⁵

Hyderabad was to be the common capital of both states for up to ten years.⁵⁶ After that it would be Telangana’s capital, and Andhra Pradesh would have a new one.⁵⁶ An expert committee was to study sites for it.⁵⁶

The Act gave Andhra Pradesh 25 Lok Sabha seats and 175 assembly seats.⁵⁷ It gave Telangana 17 Lok Sabha seats and 119 assembly seats.⁵⁷ With the division, the single state that had lasted from 1956 came to an end, and this site’s account closes there.

Footnotes

1. “Prime Minister’s Statement on Andhra”, 25 March 1953, printed in Madras Legislative Assembly Debates, 2 April 1953, appendix, pp. 823–825 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)); The History of the Andhra Pradesh Police (1861–1961) (1961), pp. 249–250 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

2. History of the Andhra Pradesh Police (1961), p. 260 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

3. The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 (Act No. 6 of 2014), ss. 2–4, pp. 1–2 (Gazette copy↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

4. “Prime Minister’s Statement on Andhra”, 25 March 1953, printed in Madras Legislative Assembly Debates, 2 April 1953, appendix, pp. 822–826 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

5. History of the Andhra Pradesh Police (1961), pp. 251–252 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

6. History of the Andhra Pradesh Police (1961), p. 254 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

7. History of the Andhra Pradesh Police (1961), p. 257 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

8. Sarojini Regani, Highlights of the Freedom Movement in Andhra Pradesh (1956), p. 234 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

9. History of the Andhra Pradesh Police (1961), p. 114 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

10. Report of the States Reorganisation Commission (1955), pp. 101–102 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

11. Report of the States Reorganisation Commission (1955), p. 104 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

12. Report of the States Reorganisation Commission (1955), p. 105 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

13. Report of the States Reorganisation Commission (1955), pp. 106–107 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

14. Report of the States Reorganisation Commission (1955), pp. 107–108 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

15. Report of the States Reorganisation Commission (1955), p. 111 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

16. Andhra Legislative Assembly Debates, 25 November 1955, pp. 1–2 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶

17. Report of the Committee on Telangana Surpluses (1969), p. 5 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

18. Report of the Committee on Telangana Surpluses (1969), Annexure B, pp. 34–35 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

19. Andhra Pradesh (Telugu monthly of the Andhra Pradesh Information and Public Relations Department), Vol. 1, No. 1 (November–December 1956), p. 16 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

20. History of the Andhra Pradesh Police (1961), pp. 262–263 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

21. P. Sreenivasachar (ed.), A Corpus of Inscriptions in the Telingana Districts of Andhra Pradesh, Part III (1956), title page, foreword and preface (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

22. A. S. Gadre, “Brahmi Inscription from Salihundam”, Epigraphia Indica XXXI (1955–56), p. 88 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)); Epigraphia Indica XXXI (1955–56), PDF pp. 168, 407 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)); Epigraphia Indica XXXII (1957–58), p. 201 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

23. Madras Legislative Assembly: Questions and Answers, 8 August 1960, p. 21 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

24. Report of the Committee on Telangana Surpluses (1969), resolution, p. (i), and p. 1 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

25. Lok Sabha Debates, 14 March 1969, written answers to Unstarred Questions 3193 and 3194, cols. 196–198 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷ ↩⁸ ↩⁹ ↩¹⁰ ↩¹¹

26. Lok Sabha Debates, 21 November 1972, calling attention on the Supreme Court judgment on the Mulki Rules, statement of the Minister of State for Home Affairs, cols. 199–201 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷ ↩⁸ ↩⁹ ↩¹⁰ ↩¹¹ ↩¹² ↩¹³ ↩¹⁴ ↩¹⁵ ↩¹⁶ ↩¹⁷ ↩¹⁸ ↩¹⁹ ↩²⁰

27. Lok Sabha Debates, 11 April 1969, written answer to Unstarred Question 6094, cols. 42–44 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

28. Lok Sabha Debates, 17 March 1969, “Public Employment (Requirement as to Residence) Amendment Bill”, cols. 201–203 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

29. Lok Sabha Debates, 17 March 1969, written answer to Unstarred Question 3315, cols. 121–122 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

30. Lok Sabha Debates, 25 April 1969, written answer to Unstarred Question 7668, cols. 131–132 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

31. Lok Sabha Debates, 25 July 1969, written answer to Starred Question 128, cols. 33–34 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

32. Lok Sabha Debates, 11 April 1969, “Statement re: Telengana” by the Prime Minister, cols. 328–332 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

33. Lok Sabha Debates, 25 July 1969, written answer to Unstarred Question 914, cols. 158–161 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶

34. Report of the Committee on Telangana Surpluses (1969), pp. 4–6, 31 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶

35. Report of the Committee on Telangana Surpluses (1969), p. 27 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

36. Report of the Committee on Telangana Surpluses (1969), p. 29 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

37. Lok Sabha Debates, 18 December 1973, “Constitution (Thirty-third Amendment) Bill and Mulki Rules (Repeal) Bill”, speech of the Home Minister, cols. 213–219 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)), and the motions to pass the two Bills, cols. 367–378. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷ ↩⁸

38. Lok Sabha Debates, 24 November 1972, calling attention on damage to railway property by anti-Mulki Rules agitators, statement of the Minister of Railways, cols. 207–208 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

39. Lok Sabha Debates, 27 November 1972, “Statement re. Mulki Rules” by the Prime Minister, cols. 248–251 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

40. Lok Sabha Debates, 28 February 1973, statutory resolution on the Proclamation in relation to Andhra Pradesh, speech of the Minister of State for Home Affairs, cols. 230–233 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶

41. Lok Sabha Debates, 21 December 1972, “Mulki Rules Bill”, motion to pass and division, cols. 347–355 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

42. Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Debates, 11 April 1974, pp. 384–386 (in Tamil) (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷ ↩⁸ ↩⁹ ↩¹⁰

43. Lok Sabha Debates, 14 November 1973, written answer to Unstarred Question 533, cols. 138–140 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

44. Lok Sabha Debates, 10 December 1973, “Revocation of Proclamation in relation to the State of Andhra Pradesh”, col. 335 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). The printed text dates the Proclamation “10th December, 1972”, a slip for 1973: it was published in the Gazette of India of 10 December 1973. ↩

45. Lok Sabha Debates, 25 October 1999, obituary references, PDF pp. 2–3 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

46. Lok Sabha, Unstarred Question 861, “Creation of Separate Telangana State”, answered 13 July 2004 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

47. Lok Sabha Debates, 10 December 2009, “Regarding initiative taken by the Central Government to facilitate the creation of a separate state of Telengana”, PDF p. 1 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

48. Lok Sabha Debates, 5 August 2011, calling attention on the delay in the creation of Telangana State, statement of the Home Minister, PDF p. 1 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). The online text of this statement leaves out the word “Telangana” wherever it should occur (for example, “the demand for a separate State of as well as …”). The list above supplies it. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷ ↩⁸ ↩⁹

49. Lok Sabha, Unstarred Question 2494, “Srikrishna Committee on Telengana”, answered 16 August 2011 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

50. Lok Sabha Debates, 13 February 2014, “Introduction of the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Bill, 2014”, PDF p. 1 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

51. Lok Sabha Debates, 18 February 2014, “Discussion on the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Bill, 2014”, PDF pp. 1–2, 74 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

52. Lok Sabha Debates, 18 February 2014, PDF p. 2 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

53. Lok Sabha Debates, 18 February 2014, PDF pp. 6, 8, 12 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

54. Lok Sabha Debates, 21 February 2014, message from the Rajya Sabha on the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Bill, 2014, PDF p. 1 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

55. Lok Sabha Debates, 8 July 2014, explanatory statement on the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation (Amendment) Ordinance, 2014, PDF p. 1 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

56. Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014, ss. 5–6, pp. 2–3 (Gazette copy↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

57. Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014, ss. 14, 17, p. 4 (Gazette copy↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²