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Telugu Historyతెలుగు చరిత్ర

Glossary

Special words used on this site, such as revenue terms, titles and parts of a temple, with their meaning as our pages explain them. Each links to the pages that explain it.

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abhinayaఅభినయం

expressive gesture

Explained on: Music & dance

accha teluguఅచ్చ తెలుగు

pure Telugu

Explained on: Ponnikanti Telaganarya

adhirajaఅధిరాజ

supreme king

Explained on: Telugu Cholas of Renadu

adhyatma sankirtanaluఅధ్యాత్మ సంకీర్తనలు

songs of the spirit

Explained on: Tallapaka Annamacharya

agenciesఏజెన్సీలు

hill tracts

Explained on: Reform, freedom & people's movements

agnishtomaఅగ్నిష్టోమం(agnishtomas)

soma sacrifices

Explained on: Madhavavarman (Vishnukundin)

agraharaఅగ్రహారం(agraharam, agraharams, agraharas)

village granted to Brahmins; also a Brahmin quarter

Explained on: Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi, Salankayanas of Vengi, Kavali, Magallu, Reform, freedom & people's movements

ajnaptiఆజ్ఞప్తి

executor

Explained on: How an inscription is built, Bezwada plates of Chalukya-Bhima I

aliyaఅళియ

son-in-law

Explained on: Aliya Rama Raya

amalakaఆమలకం(amalakas)

ribbed stone discs

Explained on: Alampur temples (Nava Brahma temples)

amatyaఅమాత్యుడు(amacha)

minister or executive officer

Explained on: Kodavali rock inscription of Chandasati, Satavahanas

ameenఅమీన్

revenue official

Explained on: Kankanti Paparaju

amildarఅమిల్దారు

revenue officer

Explained on: Nawabs of the Carnatic (Arcot), Fateh Ali Khan, Nawab of Banganapalle

amirఅమీర్(amirs)

commander; also nobles

Explained on: Hamvira (Hambira), Chiruvroli grant of Hambira (1461), Malik Maqbul (Khan-i Jahan)

amir-ul-umaraఅమీర్-ఉల్-ఉమరా

chief of the nobles

Explained on: Mahmud Shah Bahmani

andhradesadhisvaraఆంధ్రదేశాధీశ్వర

lord of the Andhra country

Explained on: Rachakonda Fort, Anapota Nayaka (Recherla), Rachakonda inscriptions of Anapota (1365)

angarakshaఅంగరక్ష

bodyguard

Explained on: Krishna III (Rashtrakuta)

ankaఅంకం

regnal year

Explained on: Prataparudra (Gajapati)

ankakaraఅంకకారుడు

champion

Explained on: Arikesari II (Chalukya of Vemulavada)

appanageజీవనాంశం

estate given to a prince

Explained on: Kandur Chodas, Somesvara III, Panugallu (Panagal), Kumara Tailapa, Prola II

apseఅర్ధవృత్త భాగం

rounded end

Explained on: Nagarjunakonda inscription of Bodhisiri

apsidalఅర్ధవృత్తాకార

round-ended

Explained on: Vishnukundins, Chula-Dhammagiri monastery, Nagarjunakonda, Chamtisiri, Virapurushadatta

aramaఆరామం(aramas)

Pancharama shrines

Explained on: Kshiraramalingesvara temple, Palakollu, Somesvara temple, Somarama (Bhimavaram)

architraveదూలం(architraves)

the beam above the pillars

Explained on: Music & dance, Ramappa Temple

ashlarచెక్కిన రాయి

cut stone

Explained on: Hayat Bakhshi Mosque, Hayathnagar, Purana Pul, Bhongir, Mir Mahbub Ali Khan (Asaf Jah VI), Toli Masjid

ashtadiggajasఅష్టదిగ్గజాలు

eight great poets

Explained on: Krishnadeva Raya, Nandi Timmana

ashurkhanaఆషూర్‌ఖానా

hall for the Muharram ceremonies

Explained on: Music & dance

ashvamedhaఅశ్వమేధం(ashvamedhas)

the horse sacrifice

Explained on: Madhavavarman (Vishnukundin), Vasishthiputra Chamtamula

assessmentశిస్తు

the fixed revenue demand; also tax rate

Explained on: Mughals in the Telugu country, Government & administration

asthana-mandapaఆస్థాన మండపం

hall of audience

Explained on: Reddis of Rajahmundry, Kataya Vema

aumilsఅమిల్‌లు

revenue managers

Explained on: Haidar Ali

avatarఅవతారం

incarnation of God

Explained on: Duggirala Gopalakrishnayya

ayagarsఆయగార్లు

village servants

Explained on: Kakatiyas

ayaka-khambhaఆయక-ఖంభ

ayaka pillars

Explained on: Nagarjunakonda Mahachaitya

ayuktakaఆయుక్తకులు(ayuktakas)

local officials

Explained on: Skandavarman II (Pallava), Omgodu grant of Skandavarman II (No. 1)

bairagiబైరాగి

wandering ascetic

Explained on: Bhadrachalam, Kancherla Gopanna (Bhakta Ramadas)

balaka-maharajakumaraబాలక మహారాజకుమార

young prince

Explained on: Nandivarman I (Salankayana)

baradariబారాదరీ

pavilion

Explained on: Mir Alam Tank

barbicanబార్బికాన్

outer defence

Explained on: Bhongir, Vijayapuri citadel

barrowsబారోలు(tumuli)

burial mounds

Explained on: Prehistory & megalithic cultures, Amaravati & Dharanikota

bastionబురుజు(bastions)

tower

Explained on: Bheemunipatnam, Bijapur (Vijayapura), Kotilingala, Prataparudra

behara-mahapatrasబెహర-మహాపాత్రులు

officers

Explained on: Velicherla grant of Prataparudra Gajapati (1510 or 1511)

bhagavataభాగవతుడు

devotee of Vishnu

Explained on: Pikira grant of Simhavarman

bhattarakaభట్టారకుడు

revered Father

Explained on: Peddavegi plates of Nandivarman II

bhogaభోగం

district

Explained on: Satara grant of Vishnuvardhana I

bhoodanభూదానం

land gift

Explained on: Komaragiri Narayana Rao

bighaబిఘా

three-quarters of an acre

Explained on: Nalgonda

birudaబిరుదు

title of honour; also title of valour

Explained on: Somesvara I, Taila III, Taila II, Vikramaditya VI, Jayasimha II (Western Chalukya)

bommalatamబొమ్మలాటం

puppet play

Explained on: Folk songs & oral traditions

brahmadeyaబ్రహ్మదేయం

gift to Brahmins

Explained on: Kanukollu plates of Skandavarman

buckramsబక్రమ్‌లు

fine cloths; also cotton cloth

Explained on: Kakatiyas, Motupalli

candiesపుట్టి

a large measure

Explained on: Addanki inscription of Pandaranga

cantoఆశ్వాసం

section

Explained on: Tikkana Somayaji

cantonmentకంటోన్మెంట్

army station

Explained on: Hyderabad, Kadapa (Cuddapah), Vizianagaram, Mughals, Asaf Jahis & the British, Secunderabad

capstoneపై బండ

top slab

Explained on: Prehistory & megalithic cultures

caravanseraiసరాయి

travellers' inn

Explained on: Hayat Bakhshi Mosque, Hayathnagar, Dar-ush-Shifa, Hayathnagar

cessసెస్సు(cesses, road-cess)

extra tax; also local tax

Explained on: Nizamabad, British Crown (Madras Presidency), Venkatagiri, Ananda Gajapati Raju, Government & administration

champuచంపువు

a work in mixed prose and verse

Explained on: Deva Raya II (Vijayanagara)

charanaచరణాలు(charanas)

Vedic schools

Explained on: Kolleru plates of Nandivarman II

chauthచౌత్

a quarter of the revenue

Explained on: Ali Adil Shah II, Nizam Ali Khan (Asaf Jah II), Kharda

chetiya-gharaచేతియ-ఘర

shrine

Explained on: Chamtisiri

chhandogaఛందోగుడు

singer of the Sama Veda

Explained on: Vilavatti grant of Simhavarman

chintzచీట్లు(chintzes, chites)

printed cotton cloth

Explained on: Machilipatnam, Crafts & textiles, Dutch East India Company

chronogramఅక్షర సంఖ్యా పద్యం(chronograms)

a phrase whose letters give the date

Explained on: Ibrahim Qutb Shah, Mahmud Gawan, Nizam Ali Khan (Asaf Jah II), Toli Masjid inscription (1671), Persian and Arabic inscriptions

chunamచునాం

lime plaster

Explained on: Morari Rao of Gooty

circarసర్కార్(circars, sarkar, sarkars)

district; also province

Explained on: Mughals in the Telugu country, Nawabs of Cuddapah, Adoni, Guntur (Murtazanagar), Kondavidu

circumambulationప్రదక్షిణ

walking round the shrine

Explained on: Bhimesvara temple, Chebrolu, Kshiraramalingesvara temple, Palakollu, Alampur temples (Nava Brahma temples)

citadelఅంతర్దుర్గం

inner fort

Explained on: Bellary (Ballari), Kurnool

collectorateకలెక్టరేట్

an ordinary district under a Collector

Explained on: Kurnool, British Crown (Madras Presidency)

dalavayiదళవాయి

army chief

Explained on: Mysore under Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan

dammaదమ్మ

a small coin

Explained on: Kondavidu pillar inscription of Nadindla Gopa (1520)

damriదమ్డీ

a very small coin

Explained on: Toli Masjid

dandapatiదండపతి

general

Explained on: Mahendragiri inscriptions of Rajendra I

dargahదర్గా(darga)

shrine of a Muslim saint

Explained on: Kalingapatnam, Religion & philosophy, Mysore under Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan, Kazipet, Penukonda

daroghaదరోగా

superintendent

Explained on: Mecca Masjid

dayadasదాయాదులు

agnates, members of the same family

Explained on: Durgaraja

desaiదేశాయి

local revenue chief

Explained on: Marathas and the Telugu country, Shivaji

deshmukhదేశ్‌ముఖ్(deshmukhs)

hereditary revenue chief and landlord; also district revenue officer

Explained on: Arutla Ramachandra Reddy, Bandagi (Shaik Bandagi), Chakali Ilamma, Doddi Komaraiah, Adil Shahis of Bijapur

dharmaధర్మం(dhamma)

moral law; also sacred duty; also right conduct

Explained on: Mauryas & Satavahanas, Mauryas, Asoka, Mahadeva, Erragudi edicts of Asoka

dharma-maharajaధర్మ-మహారాజు

righteous great king

Explained on: Omgodu grant of Simhavarman (No. 2)

dharmachakraధర్మచక్రం

wheel of the law

Explained on: Amaravati Mahachaitya, Vasishthiputra Pulumavi, Amaravati inscription of the time of Vasishthiputra Pulumavi

dharmasasanaధర్మశాసనం

charitable edict

Explained on: Phirangipuram pillar inscription of Peda Komati Vema (1410)

dharmashalaధర్మశాల

rest house

Explained on: Srisailam

dhvajastambhaధ్వజస్తంభం

flag pillar

Explained on: Thousand Pillar Temple, Thousand Pillar Temple inscription of Rudradeva

dieఅచ్చు(dies)

a stamp for making coins

Explained on: Mauryas & Satavahanas, Gobhada, Tipu Sultan

diglotద్విభాషా

two-language

Explained on: British Crown (Madras Presidency)

divasaదివస

day

Explained on: How an inscription is built

diwaniదీవానీ

revenue rights

Explained on: East India Company, Mysore under Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan, Haidar Ali

doabదోఆబ్

the land between two rivers

Explained on: Recherla Velamas, Prataparudra, Siddi Masud Khan, Sikandar Adil Shah, Yusuf Adil Khan (Yusuf Adil Shah)

doneeదానగ్రహీత(donees)

receiver of a gift

Explained on: Prolaya Vema Reddi, Somadeva Suri, How an inscription is built, Temples of Mukhalingam, Anavota Reddi

drammaద్రమ్మాలు(drammas)

coins

Explained on: Vemulavada inscription of Arikesari II

durbarదర్బార్(darbar)

royal court; also audience

Explained on: Salar Jung I (Mir Turab Ali Khan), Chowmahalla Palace, Banganapalle, Kharda, Chandragiri fort and Raja Mahal

dvaimaturaద్వైమాతుర

half-brother

Explained on: Danarnava

dvipadaద్విపద

couplet

Explained on: Haihayas of Kona and Palnadu, Addanki inscription of Pandaranga

epigraphyశాసన శాస్త్రం(epigraphist)

the study of inscriptions

Explained on: Tippaluru, Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi

eraశకం

a way of counting years

Explained on: Western Chalukyas of Kalyani, How an inscription is built

eye-copyకంటి నకలు(eye-copies)

a copy drawn by hand

Explained on: Vijayaditya Chola (Telugu Chola), Chamaluru inscription of Vijayaditya Chola, Telugu Cholas of Renadu, Chamaluru

factoryఫ్యాక్టరీ(factories)

trading post

Explained on: Trade & economy, Dutch East India Company, East India Company, French East India Company, Mughals in the Telugu country

fakirఫకీరు(fakirs)

holy men

Explained on: Religion & philosophy

farsakhఫర్సఖ్(farsakhs)

Persian leagues

Explained on: Gajapatis of Orissa

Fasliఫస్లీ

revenue year

Explained on: Tadpatri

faujdarఫౌజ్‌దారు(faujdars, fauzdars)

military governor

Explained on: Mughals in the Telugu country, Nawabs of the Carnatic (Arcot), Eluru (Ellore), Nellore, Saadatullah Khan

feudatoryసామంతుడు(feudatories)

subordinate ruler

Explained on: Chalukyas of Vemulavada, Kakatiyas, Beta I, Beta II, Prola II

fiefజాగీరు(fiefs)

land held from an overlord; also land held for military service

Explained on: Polasa (Polavasa), Ambadeva (Kayastha), Vinayaditya-Yuddhamalla I (Chalukya of Vemulavada), Kazipet Dargah pillar inscription, Reddis of Rajahmundry

firkaఫిర్కా

revenue circle

Explained on: Chevuru

gadiగడి

the deshmukh's fortified house

Explained on: Doddi Komaraiah

gadyanaగద్యాణం(gadyanakas, gadyanas)

gold coins

Explained on: Vishveshvara Shambhu, Chevuru plates of Amma I, Beta II

gahapatikaగహపతిక

householder

Explained on: Myakadoni inscription of Pulumavi

gajasahiniగజసాహిణి

master of the elephants

Explained on: Srirangam inscription of Prataparudra

ganaగణం

school

Explained on: Kolanupaka pillar of Kumara Somesvara

gavyutiగవ్యూతి

a measure of distance

Explained on: Pedda-Vegi plates of Jayasimha I

ghatఘాట్

bathing steps

Explained on: Srisailam

ghatikaఘటిక

college

Explained on: Jayasimha I, Gudivada plates of Jayasimha I (three grants)

ghaziఘాజీ

holy warrior

Explained on: Bahmanis, Muhammad Shah III

gitaగీతం

song

Explained on: Music & dance

Gollaగొల్ల(Gollas)

shepherd

Explained on: Society & communities, Aliya Rama Raya

goondaగూండా(goondas)

thug

Explained on: Baddam Yella Reddy, Makhdoom Mohiuddin, Ravi Narayana Reddy

gopisగోపికలు

cowherd women

Explained on: Ramappa Temple

gopuramగోపురం(gopura)

gateway tower

Explained on: Virabhadra temple, Lepakshi, Bhimesvara temple, Draksharama

gosainsగోసాయిలు

Hindu ascetics

Explained on: Adilabad

Goundlaగౌండ్ల(Gaundlas)

toddy-tapper

Explained on: Tatikonda, Sarvaya Papadu (Pap Rai), Society & communities

gowdasగౌడలు

village headmen

Explained on: Vijayanagara Empire

gram rajyamsగ్రామ రాజ్యాలు

village governments

Explained on: Reform, freedom & people's movements

gramaniగ్రామణి

headman

Explained on: Chevuru plates of Amma I

gumikaగుమిక

captain

Explained on: Satavahanas

handevaruహండెవారు

chiefs

Explained on: Narasimha temples, Ahobilam, Ahobilam inscription of Sriranga I (1584)

harikathaహరికథ(harikathas)

religious story-telling

Explained on: Music & dance

hartalహర్తాళ్

closing of shops

Explained on: Kasinadhuni Nageswara Rao, Unnava Lakshminarayana

hemantaహేమంత

winter

Explained on: Gudivada plates of Jayasimha I (three grants)

immunitiesమినహాయింపులు

freedom from dues

Explained on: Pallavas, Satavahanas

inamdarఇనాందారు(inamdars)

holders of rent-free land

Explained on: Alif Khan II (Nawab of Kurnool)

interregnumఅరాజక కాలం

a gap in rule

Explained on: Badapa, Vimaladitya, Kanchipuram, Saktivarman I, Nagarjunakonda inscription of Abhira Vasushena

jagirజాగీర్(jageer, jaghir, jagirs)

land grant; also assignment of land revenue

Explained on: Reform, freedom & people's movements, Adil Shahis of Bijapur, Marathas and the Telugu country, Nawabs of Kurnool, Mughals in the Telugu country

jagirdarజాగీర్దారు(jagirdars)

holder of a land grant

Explained on: Adil Shahis of Bijapur, Banganapalle State, Morari Rao of Gooty, Mysore under Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan, Nawabs of Cuddapah

jaladurgaజలదుర్గం

water fort

Explained on: Kotilingala

jamadarజమాదారు(jamadars, jemadar)

captain of a band of armed retainers; also commander

Explained on: Turrebaz Khan, Salar Jung I (Mir Turab Ali Khan), Asaf Jahis (Nizams of Hyderabad)

janapadaజనపదం

district; also country

Explained on: Satavahanas, Myakadoni inscription of Pulumavi

jatakasజాతకాలు

stories of his (the Buddha's) past lives

Explained on: Memorial pillar of Chamtamula, Nagarjunakonda

javaliజావళి

love song

Explained on: Music & dance

jayastambhaజయస్తంభం

pillar of victory

Explained on: Kolanupaka pillar of Kumara Somesvara

jonnaజొన్న

great millet

Explained on: Daily life & festivals

jowarజొన్నలు

sorghum, the main food grain

Explained on: Mahbubnagar, Adilabad

kafirకాఫిర్

unbeliever

Explained on: Ali Adil Shah I

kaifiyatకైఫీయతు(kaifiyats)

village record; also village history

Explained on: Shitab Khan's hall, Warangal, Shitab Khan (Sitapati) of Warangal, Warangal pillar inscription of Shitab Khan (1504), Shitab Khan of Warangal

kalasaకలశం

finial pot

Explained on: Bhimesvara temple, Chebrolu

kalyana-mandapaకళ్యాణ మండపం(kalyana-mantapa, kalyana-mantapam)

wedding hall

Explained on: Virabhadra temple, Lepakshi, Kshiraramalingesvara temple, Palakollu, Lepakshi temple inscriptions of Achyuta Raya's reign (1533–1538)

kamilకామిల్

standard

Explained on: Adil Shahis of Bijapur

Kamsalasకంసాలులు

smiths

Explained on: Society & communities

kanukasకానుకలు

dues

Explained on: Tripurantakam inscription of Ambadeva

kapuకాపు(kapus)

farmer

Explained on: Language & literature, Nalgonda

karanamకరణం(karnam)

village accountant; also clerk

Explained on: Chellur, Chellur plates of Vira-Choda, Government & administration, Rachakonda inscriptions of Anapota (1365), Rachakonda Fort

katalకటాల్

share

Explained on: Medak

kattubadiకట్టుబడి(kattubadis)

armed retainers; also village revenue peons who held such grants

Explained on: Alif Khan II (Nawab of Kurnool), Uyyalawada Narasimha Reddy

kavalకావలి

village watch

Explained on: British Crown (Madras Presidency)

kavitrayaకవిత్రయం

the three poets of the Telugu Mahabharata

Explained on: Nachana Somana

kavyaకావ్యం(kavyas)

literary poem

Explained on: Rajahmundry, Ibrahim Qutb Shah, Tenali Ramakrishna

khadiఖాదీ(khaddar)

handspun cloth

Explained on: Anne Anjayya, Baddam Yella Reddy, Konda Venkatappayya, Pattabhi Sitaramayya

khalsa diwanఖాల్సా దీవాన్

revenue officer

Explained on: Mughals in the Telugu country

khatibఖతీబ్

preacher

Explained on: Jama Masjid, Adoni

khutbaఖుత్బా(khutbah)

the Friday sermon, which names the ruler

Explained on: Bijapur (Vijayapura), Mughals in the Telugu country, Abdullah Qutb Shah, Mir Ali Raza Khan (Mir Sahib), Yusuf Adil Khan (Yusuf Adil Shah)

killadarఖిల్లాదారు(kiladar, killedar)

fort commander

Explained on: Mysore under Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan, Gooty, Siddhavatam (Sidhout), Asad Ali Khan (Muzaffar-ul-Mulk) of Banganapalle, Banganapalle State

kirtanaకీర్తన(kirtanas)

devotional songs

Explained on: Language & literature, Tyagaraja

kirtistambhaకీర్తిస్తంభం

pillar of fame

Explained on: Kolanupaka pillar of Kumara Somesvara

kisanకిసాన్

peasant

Explained on: N. G. Ranga

kisan dalకిసాన్ దళ్

peasant squad

Explained on: Reform, freedom & people's movements

kolattamకోలాటం(kolata)

stick-dance

Explained on: Music & dance

Komatiకోమటి

merchant

Explained on: Reddis of Kondaveedu, Prolaya Vema Reddi

kosకోసు(coss)

an old measure of distance

Explained on: Sarvaya Papadu (Pap Rai), Hayathnagar, Machilipatnam, Tatikonda

kotaకోట

fort

Explained on: Kotilingala

kottamకొట్టం(kottams)

territorial division; also district

Explained on: Addanki inscription of Pandaranga, Erragudipadu inscription of Erikal-Mutturaju, Pandaranga, Gunaga Vijayaditya III

kotwalకొత్వాల్

police chief

Explained on: Eluru (Ellore)

kramapathaక్రమపాఠం

a method of reciting the Veda

Explained on: Bezwada plates of Chalukya-Bhima I, Diggubarru grant of Chalukya-Bhima II

kshetramahatmyaక్షేత్రమాహాత్మ్యం

account of a holy place

Explained on: Mukhalingam

kulkarniకులకర్ణి

village accountant

Explained on: Madanna

Kurubaకురుబ

shepherd

Explained on: Virabhadra temple, Lepakshi

lagnaలగ్నం

rising sign

Explained on: Chellur plates of Vira-Choda, Teki plates of Rajaraja-Chodaganga

lathiలాఠీ

police stick

Explained on: Bulusu Sambamurti, Kasinadhuni Nageswara Rao

lenkasలెంకలు

sworn followers

Explained on: Kakatiyas, Prataparudra

levyలెవీ

compulsory grain quota

Explained on: Doddi Komaraiah

liలీ

a Chinese measure of distance

Explained on: Telugu Cholas of Renadu

lithographలిథోగ్రాఫ్(lithographs)

printed copy

Explained on: Chipurupalle plates of Vishnuvardhana I, Potavaram grant of Purushottama (1489)

madaమాడ

a coin

Explained on: Matedu

madanikasమదనికలు

maidens

Explained on: Ramappa Temple

magazineమందుగుండు గిడ్డంగి(magazines)

gunpowder store

Explained on: Khairatabad Mosque, Kondavidu

maha-mantapamమహా-మంటపం

great hall

Explained on: Virabhadra temple, Lepakshi

mahachetiyaమహాచేతియ

great chaitya, a sacred monument

Explained on: Mauryas & Satavahanas

mahajanasమహాజనులు

members of the village assembly; also Brahmin donees

Explained on: Mudigonda, Sayampeta inscription of Dharma-ravu (1464)

mahakavyaమహాకావ్యం(mahakavyas)

great poem in many cantos

Explained on: Nannechoda, Chemakura Venkatakavi

mahakshatrapaమహాక్షత్రప

great satrap

Explained on: Rudrapurushadatta

mahalమహల్(mahals, mehals)

revenue divisions

Explained on: Mughals in the Telugu country, Nizampatnam

mahaldarమహల్‌దార్

chamberlain

Explained on: Toli Masjid inscription (1671)

mahamahopadhyayaమహామహోపాధ్యాయ

great teacher

Explained on: Vedam Venkataraya Sastri

mahamandalesvaraమహామండలేశ్వరుడు(maha-mandaleshvara, mahamandaleshvara, mahamandalesvaras)

great provincial lord; also great feudal lord

Explained on: Kandur Chodas, Kotas of Dharanikota, Chalukyas of Vemulavada, Western Chalukyas of Kalyani, Temples of Nagunur

mahapradhanaమహాప్రధాని(mahapradhanas)

chief minister

Explained on: Kakatiyas, Gangaya Sahini, Induluri Annaya

maharajaమహారాజ

great king

Explained on: Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi, Vakatakas, Simhavarman II (Pallava)

maharajadhirajaమహారాజాధిరాజు

king of great kings

Explained on: Telugu Cholas of Renadu, Warangal inscriptions of Hamvira and Raghudeva (1460), Kapilendra (Kapilesvara)

maharajakumaraమహారాజకుమార

prince

Explained on: Nagarjunakonda inscription of Pushpabhadrasvamin

mahasamantaమహాసామంతుడు(maha-samanta)

great vassal

Explained on: Matedu inscription of Vemabola Malle-nayaka, Pillalamarri inscription of Recherla Nami-reddi, Krishna III (Rashtrakuta), Prola I

mahasamantadhipatiమహాసామంతాధిపతి

great chief of vassals

Explained on: Rashtrakutas of Malkhed, Amoghavarsha I

mahasenapatiమహాసేనాపతి(mahasenapatis)

great commander

Explained on: Government & administration, Ikshvakus of Vijayapuri, Chamtisiri, Vasishthiputra Chamtamula, Ehuvula Chamtamula

mahatalavaraమహాతలవర(mahatalavari)

great noble

Explained on: Ehuvula Chamtamula, Nagarjunakonda inscriptions of Chamtisiri

mahattarasమహత్తరులు

village heads

Explained on: Polamuru plates of Madhavavarman Janashraya

makaraమకరం

sea-monster

Explained on: Jaggayyapeta stupa

makara-toranaమకర-తోరణం(makara-toranas)

an arch with sea-monster ends

Explained on: Korumelli plates of Rajaraja I, Bhimesvara temple, Chebrolu

makhtedarమక్తేదారు

holder of a village grant

Explained on: Chakali Ilamma

malik-ut-tujjarమాలిక్-ఉత్-తుజ్జార్

chief of the merchants

Explained on: Mahmud Gawan

manaమానం

a measure

Explained on: Kazipet Dargah pillar inscription

manastambhaమానస్తంభం

pillar of eminence

Explained on: Kolanupaka pillar of Kumara Somesvara

mandalsమండలాలు

sub-districts

Explained on: Andhra State & Andhra Pradesh

mandapaమండపం(mandapam, mantapa, mantapam, mantapams)

pillared hall

Explained on: Morari Rao of Gooty, Jama Masjid, Adoni, Bhimesvara temple, Chebrolu, Bhimesvara temple, Draksharama, Temples of Nagunur

mansabమన్సబ్

rank

Explained on: Daud Khan Panni

mansabdarమన్సబ్దారు

hereditary chief

Explained on: Chandrayya of Rampa, British Crown (Madras Presidency)

maruturuమరుతూరు(marttars, marutru)

a land measure

Explained on: Krishna II (Rashtrakuta), Chamaluru inscription of Vijayaditya Chola, Malepadu stone inscription of Satyaditya

masaమాస

month

Explained on: Numbers in inscriptions

maulviమౌల్వీ(maulvis)

Muslim religious teacher

Explained on: Maulvi Allauddin, Turrebaz Khan

melaమేళం

scale

Explained on: Raghunatha Nayaka of Thanjavur

Mir Jumlaమీర్ జుమ్లా

chief minister

Explained on: Jami Masjid, Hyderabad, Ibrahim Qutb Shah, Jami Masjid inscription, Hyderabad

mlechchhaమ్లేచ్ఛ

foreign

Explained on: Reddis of Kondaveedu, Madras Museum plates of Vema (1345)

morchaమోర్చా

battery

Explained on: Musa Burj inscription, Golconda fort (1666–67)

muftiముఫ్తీ

expert in religious law

Explained on: Kam Bakhsh

mukhamandapamముఖమంటపం(mukhamantapa)

front hall

Explained on: Bhimesvara temple, Chalukya-Bhimavaram, Narasimha I (Eastern Ganga)

mulasthanaమూలస్థాన

main shrine

Explained on: Mellacheruvu inscription of Prataparudra's reign

mulkiముల్కీ(mulkis)

non-mulkis are people not native to the state

Explained on: Andhra State & Andhra Pradesh

munsifమున్సిఫ్(munsiff)

headman; also local judge

Explained on: Government & administration, Ongole, Gam Gantam Dora, Gam Mallu Dora, Dutch tombs, Machilipatnam

muttaముఠా(mutha, muttas)

group of hill villages

Explained on: Gam Gantam Dora, Gam Mallu Dora, British Crown (Madras Presidency)

muttadarముఠాదారు(muttadars)

head of a group of hill villages

Explained on: Karam Tammanna Dora, British Crown (Madras Presidency), Chandrayya of Rampa

mutturajuముత్తురాజు

senior prince

Explained on: Telugu Cholas of Renadu

mutyadasముత్యదలు

village heads

Explained on: Kanukollu plates of Nandivarman I

naduనాడు(nadus)

district

Explained on: Kakatiyas

naibనాయిబ్

the king's deputy

Explained on: Mahmud Shah Bahmani

naib-wazirనాయిబ్-వజీర్

a deputy minister

Explained on: Malik Maqbul (Khan-i Jahan)

naikనాయక్

headman

Explained on: Society & communities

nakaramuనకరము

town merchants

Explained on: Trade & economy

natyamandapamనాట్యమండపం

dance hall

Explained on: Narasimha I (Eastern Ganga)

nawabనవాబు(nawabs)

governor

Explained on: Mughals, Asaf Jahis & the British

nayakaనాయకుడు(naickes, nayakas)

military chief

Explained on: Kakatiyas, Forts & warfare, Government & administration, Musunuri Nayakas, Warangal Fort

nayamkaraనాయంకర

land held for military service

Explained on: Mellacheruvu, Mellacheruvu inscription of Prataparudra's reign

nazarనజర్

gift to a ruler

Explained on: Himmat Bahadur Khan (Nawab of Kurnool)

neleviduనెలెవీడు

capital

Explained on: Somesvara I

nikahనికాహ్

Muslim marriage

Explained on: Abdul Halim Khan (Nawab of Cuddapah)

nishadaనిషాద

forest tribe

Explained on: Nandivarman II Pallavamalla

nivartanaనివర్తనం(nivartanas)

a land measure

Explained on: Salankayanas of Vengi, Kandukur, Arikesari II (Chalukya of Vemulavada), Nandivarman II (Salankayana), Pulakesin II

niyogasనియోగాలు

branches

Explained on: Kakatiyas

nrityaనృత్యం

dance

Explained on: Music & dance

padakasపతకాలు

pendants

Explained on: Simhachalam inscriptions of Krishnadeva Raya (1516–1519)

pagodaవరహా(pagodas)

gold coin

Explained on: Vijayanagara & the Qutb Shahis, Trade & economy, Morari Rao of Gooty, Punganur, Tadpatri

paikamuపైకము

a small coin

Explained on: Kondavidu pillar inscription of Nadindla Gopa (1520)

pakshaపక్షం(pakṣa)

fortnight

Explained on: How an inscription is built

palimpsestపాలింప్సెస్ట్(palimpsests)

written over an older text

Explained on: Yelavarru plates of Amma II, Kalidindi grant of Rajaraja I, Korumelli plates of Rajaraja I, Veligalani grant of Kapilesvara (1458)

panchayatపంచాయతీ(panchayats)

village council; also caste councils

Explained on: Duggirala Gopalakrishnayya

pannasaపన్నస

a gift of land

Explained on: Mahendravikrama (Telugu Chola)

paradesiపరదేశి

foreign

Explained on: Warangal toll inscription of Ganapatideva, Trade & economy

parama-bhagavataపరమ భాగవత

devout worshipper of Vishnu

Explained on: Kanteru plates of the Salankayanas, Peddavegi plates of Nandivarman II, Nandivarman II (Salankayana)

paramountcyసర్వాధికారం

overlordship

Explained on: Asaf Jahis (Nizams of Hyderabad)

parganaపరగణా(parganas, perghanas)

revenue division; also sub-district

Explained on: Nawabs of the Carnatic (Arcot), Kalidindi, Palvancha, Sarvaya Papadu (Pap Rai)

parvasపర్వాలు

books

Explained on: Nannaya

patelపటేల్

headman

Explained on: V. Prabhakar Rao

pattikasపట్టికలు

a land measure

Explained on: Chendalur plates of Kumaravishnu II

peonsబంట్రోతులు

foot soldiers

Explained on: Bellary (Ballari), Madakasira

percallesపెర్కాలే

a kind of cotton cloth

Explained on: Crafts & textiles

peshkarపేష్కార్

revenue officer; also deputy

Explained on: Kancherla Gopanna (Bhakta Ramadas), Madanna

peshkashపేష్కష్(peiscush, peshcash)

yearly tribute; also permanent assessment

Explained on: Government & administration, Morari Rao of Gooty, Bobbili, Punganur, British Crown (Madras Presidency)

pirపీర్

saint

Explained on: Mir Mahbub Ali Khan (Asaf Jah VI)

pirluపీర్లు

saints

Explained on: Daily life & festivals

plebisciteప్రజాభిప్రాయ సేకరణ

a vote of the people

Explained on: Swami Ramananda Tirtha

ploughహలం

a land measure

Explained on: Achyutapuram plates of Indravarman

poduపోడు

shifting (cultivation)

Explained on: Gam Gantam Dora

poligarపాలెగాడు(palegars, poligars)

local chief

Explained on: Mysore under Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan, Morari Rao of Gooty, Nawabs of Cuddapah, Adil Shahis of Bijapur, Banganapalle State

posternచిన్న ద్వారం(posterns)

small back gate

Explained on: Ikshvakus of Vijayapuri, Vijayapuri citadel, Hyderabad

potinపోటిన్

a copper alloy

Explained on: Satavahanas, Sri Satakarni, Yajna Sri Satakarni

prabandhaప్రబంధం(prabandhas)

long narrative poem

Explained on: Language & literature, Kokkonda Venkataratnam, Krishnadeva Raya, Nachana Somana, Pillalamarri Pinaveerabhadrudu

prajasప్రజలు

communities

Explained on: Matedu

Prakritప్రాకృతం

one of the spoken languages related to Sanskrit

Explained on: Mauryas & Satavahanas

prasastiప్రశస్తి

praise-poem

Explained on: Narasimha I (Eastern Ganga), Simhachalam temple

prithvivallabhaపృథ్వీవల్లభ

lord of the earth

Explained on: Telugu Cholas of Renadu

proluప్రోలు

a settlement

Explained on: Tippaluru inscription of Punyakumara

prosodyఛందస్సు

the rules of metre

Explained on: Yuddhamalla II

purna swarajపూర్ణ స్వరాజ్

complete independence

Explained on: Bulusu Sambamurti

purohitaపురోహితుడు

family priest

Explained on: Masulipatam plates of Amma II

quit-rentక్విట్-రెంట్

a fixed yearly rent

Explained on: Dutch East India Company, British Crown (Madras Presidency), Kakinada, Palakollu

rajaరాజ

king

Explained on: Kotilingala

rajadhaniరాజధాని

capital

Explained on: Bodhan

rajaguruరాజగురువు

royal teacher

Explained on: Malkapuram pillar inscription of Rudramadevi

rajakaరజక

washerman

Explained on: Chakali Ilamma

rajjukaరజ్జుకుడు

district governor

Explained on: Asoka, Erragudi edicts of Asoka

Rajpramukhరాజప్రముఖుడు

formal head of the state

Explained on: J. N. Chaudhuri

rajyaరాజ్యం

province

Explained on: Gooty, Gooty rock inscription of Bukka I

rampartsప్రాకారాలు

walls

Explained on: Warangal Fort

ranga-bhogaరంగభోగం

temple entertainment

Explained on: Upparapalli pillar inscription of Kataya

rashtrakutaరాష్ట్రకూటులు(rashtrakutas)

district officers

Explained on: Gundugolanu plates of Amma II, Maliyapundi grant of Amma II

rathakaraరథకార

chariot-maker

Explained on: Salankayanas of Vengi, Kanukollu plates of Nandivarman I

ratiరత్తీలు(ratis)

an Indian unit of weight

Explained on: Trade & economy, Kollur

Razakarsరజాకార్లు

the armed volunteers of the Ittehad-ul-Muslimeen

Explained on: Arutla Kamala Devi, Arutla Ramachandra Reddy, Gottimukkala Gopal Reddy, Jamalapuram Keshava Rao, Renukunta Rami Reddy

redoubtరీడౌట్(redoubts)

a small outer fort

Explained on: Siddhavatam (Sidhout), Gurramkonda, Gopalakrishna Ranga Rao of Bobbili

reliquaryధాతు పేటిక(reliquaries)

relic box

Explained on: Gudivada, Mauryas & Satavahanas

Residentరెసిడెంట్

the British envoy at the Nizam's court

Explained on: Mughals, Asaf Jahis & the British

Rohillasరోహిల్లాలు

soldiers of Afghan descent

Explained on: Mughals, Asaf Jahis & the British, Ramji Gond

sailaశైలం

hill

Explained on: Ramatirtham

Saivasశైవులు

worshippers of Shiva

Explained on: Eastern Gangas of Kalinga, Reddis of Kondaveedu

samadhiసమాధి

a holy death

Explained on: Pampa (Adi Pampa)

samantaసామంతుడు(samantaka, samantas)

subordinate chief

Explained on: Vikramaditya II (Telugu Chola), Kotagiri plates of Viryala Sura, Satara grant of Vishnuvardhana I

samasthanసంస్థానం(samasthans)

tributary estate

Explained on: Asaf Jahis (Nizams of Hyderabad), Gadwal, Amarchinta, Palvancha, Wanaparthy

samkrantiసంక్రాంతి

the sun's entry into a new sign

Explained on: Jayasimha II (Eastern Chalukya), Ipur plates of Vishnuvardhana III, Penukaparu grant of Jayasimha II

samvatsaraసంవత్సర

year

Explained on: How an inscription is built

sanghaసంఘం(samgha)

Jaina order

Explained on: Somadeva Suri, Parbhani plates of Arikesari III, Maliyapundi grant of Amma II

sanghamసంఘం

association

Explained on: Arutla Ramachandra Reddy, Chakali Ilamma, Doddi Komaraiah

sanisసానులు

temple women

Explained on: Kshiraramalingesvara temple, Palakollu

sankirtanaసంకీర్తన(sankirtanas)

devotional songs

Explained on: Music & dance, Tallapaka Annamacharya

sannyasaసన్యాసం

ritual death and renunciation

Explained on: Bodhan

sannyasiసన్యాసి

one who has given up the world

Explained on: Vemana

sarangiసారంగి(sarangis)

bowed stringed instruments

Explained on: Music & dance

sarbastaసర్బస్తా

contract

Explained on: Nalgonda

sardarసర్దారు(sardars, sirdar)

commander

Explained on: Qutb Shahis, Devarakonda

sarvabhaumaసార్వభౌమ

emperor

Explained on: Madhavavarman (Vishnukundin), Khanapur plates of Madhavavarman

sasanadeviశాసనదేవి

guardian goddess

Explained on: Padmakshi Temple, Hanamkonda

satakamశతకం(sataka, satakas)

a set of about a hundred verses

Explained on: Ayyalaraju Ramabhadrudu, Baddena, Dhurjati, Kancherla Gopanna (Bhakta Ramadas), Palkuriki Somanatha

satiసతి

burning on her husband's funeral fire

Explained on: Folk songs & oral traditions

sattraసత్రం(sattras)

free feeding houses

Explained on: Chellur plates of Vira-Choda, Draksharama

satyagrahaసత్యాగ్రహం

non-violent protest by breaking a law and accepting arrest

Explained on: Baddam Yella Reddy, Jamalapuram Keshava Rao, Komaragiri Narayana Rao

satyagrahiసత్యాగ్రహి(satyagrahis)

civil-disobedience volunteers

Explained on: Akbar Hydari (Nawab Hyder Nawaz Jung)

sayyidసయ్యద్

descendant of the Prophet

Explained on: Fateh Ali Khan, Nawab of Banganapalle

seerసేరు

a small measure of weight

Explained on: Nalgonda

senabovaసేనబోవ

clerk or shroff

Explained on: Lepakshi temple inscriptions of Achyuta Raya's reign (1533–1538)

senapatiసేనాపతి

commander

Explained on: Ikshvakus of Vijayapuri, Morari Rao Ghorpade

sheristadarశిరస్తాదారు

head clerk

Explained on: Siddhavatam (Sidhout)

shroffsషరాబులు

money-changers and accountants

Explained on: Madanna

siddhaసిద్ధుడు

holy man

Explained on: Chemakura Venkatakavi

Siddhamatrikaసిద్ధమాతృక

early Nagari

Explained on: Alampur temples (Nava Brahma temples)

sign-manualరాజముద్ర

royal signature

Explained on: Puvvada grant of Prolaya Vema (1346)

sikharaశిఖరం

tower top

Explained on: Golingesvara and the temples of Biccavolu, Bhimesvara temple, Chebrolu

sipahsalarసిపహ్‌సాలార్

army commander

Explained on: Asad Khan Lari

smritisస్మృతులు

law books

Explained on: Kandukuri Veeresalingam

sramanasశ్రమణులు

ascetics

Explained on: Mauryas

sreshthinశ్రేష్ఠి

chief merchant

Explained on: Masulipatam plates of Amma II

srikaranadhipaశ్రీకరణాధిప

head of the revenue office

Explained on: Kukkunur plates of Kusumaditya

sringara sankirtanaluశృంగార సంకీర్తనలు

songs of love

Explained on: Tallapaka Annamacharya

stambhaస్తంభం

pillar

Explained on: Virabhadra temple, Lepakshi

sthalaస్థలం(sthalas)

a revenue unit of about twenty villages

Explained on: Warangal toll inscription of Ganapatideva, Kakatiyas

sthala puranaస్థలపురాణం(sthala-purana)

temple legend

Explained on: Gandikota fort, Kshiraramalingesvara temple, Palakollu, Gandikota

stupaస్తూపం(stupas)

relic mound

Explained on: Music & dance, Religion & philosophy, Vishnukundins, Bhimesvara temple, Chebrolu, Chebrolu

subahసుబా(soubah, suba, subas)

province; also division

Explained on: Mughals in the Telugu country, Punganur, Mahbubnagar, Nalgonda, Asaf Jahis (Nizams of Hyderabad)

subahdarసుబేదారు(subadar, subahdars)

governor

Explained on: Adil Shahis of Bijapur, Banganapalle State, Morari Rao of Gooty, Mughals in the Telugu country, Nawabs of Kurnool

subsidiary forceసబ్సిడియరీ సైన్యం

troops paid for by him (the ruler)

Explained on: Asaf Jahis (Nizams of Hyderabad)

sultanateసుల్తానత్

a Muslim monarchy whose ruler holds the title of sultan

Explained on: Qutb Shahis

suzerainసర్వాధిపతి(suzerainty)

overlord

Explained on: Mughals in the Telugu country, Gajapatis of Orissa, Firuz Shah

svadesiస్వదేశి

native

Explained on: Warangal toll inscription of Ganapatideva

svamiస్వామి(svamis)

lord; also head of a religious house

Explained on: Rudrapurushadatta, Ahobilam inscription of Sriranga I (1584)

svastikaస్వస్తిక

an auspicious cross

Explained on: Kotilingala, Peddabankur

swadeshiస్వదేశీ

Indian-made goods

Explained on: Mutnuri Krishna Rao

swarajస్వరాజ్యం

self-rule

Explained on: Gadicherla Harisarvottama Rao

tahsilతహసీలు

revenue sub-division

Explained on: Nizam Sagar, Nizamabad

tahsildarతహసీల్దార్(tahsildars)

taluk revenue officer

Explained on: Renukunta Rami Reddy, Uyyalawada Narasimha Reddy, Folk songs & oral traditions, Government & administration, British Crown (Madras Presidency)

talaతాళం

rhythm

Explained on: Raghunatha Nayaka of Thanjavur

talaiyariతలయారి

watchman

Explained on: Government & administration

talariతలారి

watchman

Explained on: Government & administration

talukతాలూకా(taluks)

sub-district

Explained on: Prola I, Udaya Choda II of Kandur, Andhra State & Andhra Pradesh

talukdarతాలూక్దారు(talukdars)

district officer

Explained on: Government & administration, Asaf Jahis (Nizams of Hyderabad), Khammam, Adilabad, Salar Jung I (Mir Turab Ali Khan)

tamrapatraతామ్రపత్రం

copper plaque honouring freedom fighters

Explained on: Arutla Lakshminarasimha Reddy, Baddam Yella Reddy, Komaragiri Narayana Rao

tarafdarతరఫ్‌దార్

provincial governor

Explained on: Mahmud Shah Bahmani, Bahmanis

tasarటసర్

wild silk

Explained on: Crafts & textiles

taziyaతాజియా

the model of the tomb of Imam Husain carried in Shia mourning processions at Muharram

Explained on: Charminar

tirthankaraతీర్థంకరుడు

teacher

Explained on: Kolanupaka pillar of Kumara Somesvara

toranaతోరణం(toranas)

arched gateway

Explained on: Mailaradeva Temple, Inavolu

trikutaత్రికూటం

triple-shrined

Explained on: Thousand Pillar Temple

ursఉర్సు

yearly festival at a Muslim saint's tomb

Explained on: Bandagi (Shaik Bandagi), Daily life & festivals

Vaishnavasవైష్ణవులు

worshippers of Vishnu

Explained on: Vishnugopa (Pallava crown prince)

Vaisyasవైశ్యులు

traders

Explained on: Society & communities

vakilవకీల్

agent

Explained on: Makka Darwaza inscription, Golconda (1559)

valitaవలిత

province

Explained on: Kanuma grant of Sadasiva (1548)

varahaవరహా(varahas)

gold coins

Explained on: Ahobilam inscription of Sriranga I (1584)

varnaవర్ణం(varnas)

social order

Explained on: Society & communities, Malyala Gunda

varshaవర్ష(varṣa)

the rainy season

Explained on: How an inscription is built

vassalసామంతుడు(vassals)

subordinate ruler

Explained on: Rajaraja Narendra, Vijayaditya VII, Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi, Penukonda, Gonka II (Velanati)

vestibuleప్రవేశ మందిరం

entrance hall

Explained on: Charminar

vettiవెట్టి(vettis)

forced unpaid labour; also menials

Explained on: Reform, freedom & people's movements, Government & administration

vidyadhikarinవిద్యాధికారి

officer of learning

Explained on: Reddis of Kondaveedu, Phirangipuram pillar inscription of Peda Komati Vema (1410)

viharaవిహారం

monastery

Explained on: Chula-Dhammagiri monastery

vimanaవిమానం

tower over the shrine

Explained on: Bhimesvara temple, Draksharama, Bhimesvara temple, Chalukya-Bhimavaram

vinaవీణ

a stringed instrument

Explained on: Music & dance

viragalవీరగల్లు

hero stone

Explained on: Bukkarayasamudram tank inscription (1364)

viramantapaవీరమండపం

heroes' hall

Explained on: Reddis of Kondaveedu, Srisailam

vishayaవిషయం

district

Explained on: Gundugolanu plates of Amma II

vrittiవృత్తులు(vrittis)

endowments

Explained on: Karimnagar inscription of Gangadhara

vyalisవ్యాళులు

mythical lions

Explained on: Ramappa Temple

vyapritaవ్యాపృతుడు

official

Explained on: Mayidavolu plates of Sivaskandavarman

watandarవతన్‌దార్(watandars)

village landholders and hereditary officials

Explained on: Reform, freedom & people's movements

word-numeralsపద-సంఖ్యలు

numbers written as words

Explained on: Matedu inscription of Vemabola Malle-nayaka, Tandikonda grant of Amma II, Inavolu inscription of Recherla Anapota

yakshaయక్షుడు

nature spirit

Explained on: Jaggayyapeta stupa

yakshaganamయక్షగానం

sung village drama

Explained on: Raghunatha Nayaka of Thanjavur

yavanasయవనులు

foreigners; also foreign Muslim rulers

Explained on: Musunuri Nayakas, Prolaya Nayaka, Vilasa grant of Prolaya Nayaka, Lingama Nayaka (Recherla), Rekapalli

yojanaయోజనాలు(yojanas)

an old measure of distance

Explained on: Bitragunta grant of Sangama II (1356)

yoniయోని

the base in which a linga stands

Explained on: Warangal Fort, Katakshapur Temples

yuvamaharajaయువమహారాజు

crown prince

Explained on: Simhavarman II (Pallava), Uruvupalli grant of Vishnugopavarman

zamindarజమీందారు(zamindars, zemindar)

landholder

Explained on: Government & administration, Language & literature, Mughals in the Telugu country, Nawabs of the Carnatic (Arcot), Recherla Velamas

zamindariజమీందారీ(zamindaris)

landholder's estate

Explained on: Chipurupalle (Cheepurupalli), Ghantasala, Nawabs of the Carnatic (Arcot), Chikkulla, Samalkot and Chalukya-Bhimavaram

zananaజనానా

women's quarters

Explained on: Chowmahalla Palace