Nawabs of Cuddapah

The Nawabs of Cuddapah were Pathan soldiers. They held the uplands west of the Eastern Ghats, the later Kadapa (then Cuddapah) district, for most of the eighteenth century. Their most powerful chief, Abdul Nabi Khan, ruled from about 1714.¹ The last, Abdul Halim Khan, was conquered by Haidar Ali in 1779.²

The Imperial Gazetteer of Madras describes their beginning.³ After the Golconda conquest, it says, “Cuddapah town similarly continued in the hands of the successors of a Pathan Nawab to whom it was granted about this time”.³ This Nawab “played an important part in the various stormy episodes that occurred within the District”.³ Wilks describes the “two Patan families of Savanoor and Kurpa, and a third at Kurnool”.⁴ These families gathered round them “the remains of the genuine Patans” from the north.⁴ This page follows their history and the places where the sources disagree about it. See also the Nawabs of Kurnool and the Nawabs of the Carnatic (Arcot).

The sources

There is no history of the family from its own side. The fullest accounts are in two Cuddapah manuals.⁵⁶⁷ The first is J. D. B. Gribble’s Manual of the District of Cuddapah (1875).⁵⁶ It prints a chronology of Sidhout collected by the taluk sheristadar (head clerk of the taluk office).⁵ Gribble admits that “the absence of any trustworthy data” makes a list of the Nawabs “very difficult”.⁶ The second is C. F. Brackenbury’s Madras District Gazetteer (1915), which uses Thomas Munro’s reports of 1801–02.⁷

For the end of the family there are these sources:²⁸⁹

• Mark Wilks’s Historical Sketches (1817)²
• Kirmani’s Persian history of Haidar Ali, translated by W. Miles (1842)⁸
• a Telugu account of “Halim Khan’s downfall”⁹

Charles Philip Brown added this Telugu account to his translation of the memoirs of Ram Chandra Rao of Punganur (1849).⁹ He added it because the Marathi and Persian manuscripts left it out.⁹ Robert Orme and James Grant Duff describe the Maratha war of 1757.¹⁰¹¹ Brown’s Carnatic Chronology (1863) gives a list of dates from local records.¹²

Origins

Several sources give the family’s name as Miana.¹³¹⁴ Kirmani says that the emperor Bahadur Shah “gave Kirpa in Jageer to Abdunnubbee Khan, the nephew of Azum Khan Meeana”.¹³ A jageer (jagir) is a land grant.¹³ Gribble records the tradition that “Abdul Nabbi Meana” founded the town of Kadapa.¹⁴ By the same tradition “he is said to have received a patent as Nabob from Delhi”.¹⁴

Gribble himself thought the town was older.¹⁵¹⁴ He thought it grew round a fort raised about 1570 by a lieutenant of the Golconda general Mir Jumla.¹⁵¹⁴ He guessed that the family went back to about 1640–50, or that there were earlier chiefs after 1565.⁶

The Cuddapah gazetteer says that the Nawabs did not “attain to any political importance” before a certain time.¹ That time came when “the Nizam of Hyderabad began to rule the Deccan as a practically independent monarch in the early part of the 18th century”.¹ As late as 1694, it adds, the Nawab of Arcot appointed the governor of the Sidhout country.¹ Gribble’s chronology of Sidhout names him “Sadoolla Khan of Arcot”.⁵ But Wilks dates Saadatullah Khan’s appointment as Nawab to 1713 (see “Where the sources disagree”).¹⁶ See Abdul Nabi Khan and Kadapa.

Territory

Wilks describes the Carnatic Hyderabad Balaghat, the country above the Ghats, as five circars (districts): Sidhout, Gandikota, Gooty, Gurramkonda and Cumbum.¹⁷ He says that all of them except Gooty “afterwards formed the petty state of the Patan Nabobs of Kurpa, who established themselves there about this period”.¹⁷ Within a few years, he adds, they “extended their possessions along the back of the eastern Ghauts, nearly to the Cavery, including most of the Baramahal”.¹⁷

Wilks says the Nawab of Cuddapah “might be considered as the subordinate Nabob (or deputy of a deputy’s deputy) of the Carnatic Hyderabad Balaghaut”.¹⁸ The Nawab held the whole of it “excepting Gooti”.¹⁸ The Imperial Gazetteer says that Gandikota was the capital of one of these five sarkars “until it was absorbed by the Pathan Nawab of Cuddapah”.¹⁹

Abdul Nabi Khan took Sidhout from its killadar (fort commander) in 1714.⁵²⁰²¹ In 1718, Gribble says, he “invaded and subdued Baramahl, and on his way reduced the Punganoor Poligar and made him pay a peiscush of 32,000 pagodas”.²⁰²¹ A peiscush (peshkash) is a yearly tribute, and pagodas were gold coins.²⁰²¹ See Siddhavatam, Gandikota, Gurramkonda and Punganur.

Government and revenue

The Nawabs ruled through forts and left most of the country to its poligars (local chiefs). According to the gazetteer, Abdul Nabi Khan “established garrisons at Gandikota in the north and Gurramkonda in the south, but made no real attempt to reduce the country to order”.¹ The poligars were left alone “as long as they shared their ill-gotten gains with the Muhammadan governors”.¹

Munro wrote that “the Cuddapah Nawabs expelled some of them (poligars)”.²² But “neither they nor the Mahrattas were ever able to reduce the rest, or even enforce the regular payment of their peshkash”.²²

The Matla rajas of Chitvel paid the Nawabs a peshkash of “above a lakh of rupees” at the time of Haidar’s conquest.⁷ Abdul Nabi Khan had fixed the tribute of the poligar of Punganur at 32,000 pagodas, and from 1747 the poligar paid 20,000.²⁰²¹

Gurramkonda was held on military tenure, that is, in return for troops.²⁰ Gribble says that “beyond the supply of troops little if any tribute was demanded from the governor”.²⁰ Its governors had “almost a royal” privilege, the right of coining money.²⁰ As a result, “at the end of the last century the Gurramkonda rupees were current over the whole of the sub-division”.²⁰ Walter Elliot lists Gurramkonda pagodas among the coins current in the Ceded Districts when the Company took them over.²³

Army and forts

The Nawabs’ strength was their Pathan cavalry. Wilks writes that in 1779 “a chosen band of two thousand Patan horse, commanded by the nephew of the chief of Kurpa”, held off Haidar’s general Mir Sahib.²⁴²⁵ Haidar’s whole army then surrounded them, and they retreated shooting arrows.²⁴²⁵ Wilks calls the arrow “an antient and formidable missile of retreating cavalry”.²⁴²⁵

Their forts were Gandikota, Gurramkonda and Sidhout.²⁶²⁷ The gazetteer says that a Matla raja began Sidhout in 1604 as “the nucleus of the fort which was afterwards completed by a Nawab of Cuddapah”.²⁶ In its works Gribble found “traces, not only of Hindu and Mahomedan architecture, but also of European fortification”.²⁷

Gribble describes Sidhout as the home of the Pathan Nawab, “joined to the fiefship of Cuddapah”.²⁸²⁹ It stayed so until Haidar ended the dynasty and pulled the fort down.²⁸²⁹

Buildings

Gribble thought the town of Kadapa wholly Muslim in origin.¹⁵ In his words, “the indisputable character of all the old public buildings, bastions, palaces, and offices” showed “a purely Mahomedan architecture untinged by Hindu art”.¹⁵ At Sidhout, he says, “the only sign left of the rule of the latter is a mosque in which worship is still maintained”.²⁹

Rangacharya lists two Persian inscriptions at Sidhout from Mackenzie’s copies.³⁰ One records a mosque built in the fort by “Mayana Alam Khan, the Subadar of Cuddapah” (subadar means governor) in the Hijri year AH 1184 (1770–71; AH is the Islamic way of counting years).³⁰ The other records a mosque built on the rampart by “Alam Khan” in AH 1186 (1772–73).³⁰

The Marathas and the Nizams, 1740–1757

In May 1740 a Maratha army defeated the Nawab of Kurnool.¹ It then fought the Nawab of Cuddapah before his capital.¹ The gazetteer calls this Nawab Abdul Nabi Khan.¹ He sent his family to Gandikota and bought peace for a lakh and a half of rupees.¹

In 1743 “the sons of Abdul Nabi Khan” followed Nizam-ul-Mulk to the south.³¹ In 1746 the Nawabs of Kurnool and Kadapa helped the son of the Nawab of Arcot to defeat a Maratha chief at Kurnool.³¹

In 1750 Nasir Jang besieged Jinji with his “vassal Naibs of Cuddapah, Kurnool, and Savanore” (a naib is a deputy).³²³³ The Pathan chiefs did not get the rewards they hoped for, and they plotted with the French.³²³³ Gribble says that the Nawab of Cuddapah shot Nasir Jang from his elephant.³²³³

The new Nizam, Muzaffar Jang, then marched north from Pondicherry.³³³⁴ Gribble writes that “the conspirators met him at the narrow pass of Luckireddipally in the Royachoty Taluq of the Cuddapah District”.³³³⁴ Muzaffar Jang fell there, “struck down by a javelin thrown by the Nabob of Kurnool (January 1751)”.³³³⁴ The Nawab of Cuddapah was “severely, if not mortally, wounded”.³³³⁴ See Nasir Jang, Muzaffar Jang and Lakkireddipalle.

Kirkpatrick says that in 1752 the chief of Kadapa was “Abdal Nuby Khan”.³⁵ This chief gave money to the Nawab of Kurnool, who had lost his capital, to win it back.³⁵

On 24 September 1757 the Maratha general Balwant Rao fought “the Nabobs of Kurpa and Kurnoul” near Kadapa.¹¹ Grant Duff writes that “the Nabob of Kurpa was killed, and his capital plundered”.¹¹ But “Abdool Nubee Khan, the cousin and heir of the late Nabob, still defended the country”.¹¹ Kirmani names the Nawab killed “by the hand of Bulwunt Rao” as Abdul Mujeed Khan.³⁶

Orme says that Abdul Nabi Khan shut himself up in Sidhout.¹⁰³⁷ At last he made a treaty there with Balwant Rao.¹⁰³⁷ By this treaty “it was agreed, that the country should be equally divided betwixt them”.¹⁰³⁷ Under it “the Morratoes were put in possession of Goramcondah”, that is, the Marathas got Gurramkonda.¹⁰³⁷ See Balwant Rao Mendle.

Mohsin Khan and Abdul Halim Khan, 1757–1769

The Nawab who followed was Mohsin Khan.³⁸⁵ Kirmani calls him “the Chief of Kirpa, Mohsun Khan, (alias Moocha Mean,)”.³⁸ Gribble’s Sidhout chronology calls him “Moochi Meer”.⁵ He “made peace with Moorari Rau by the cession of half his territory, comprising Gooty and Gurramkonda”.³⁸⁵ He also imprisoned “the three sons of the former Nabob” in the fort of Sidhout.³⁸⁵

The Telugu account says that in 1760 Mohsin Khan fell out with Sarvar Khan, the commandant of Sidhout.³⁹ In 1761, it says, captains in the fort released Abdul Halim Khan and made him ruler.³⁹ Mohsin Khan left for Kurnool and died there.³⁹

Gribble’s chronology says that he died “at Kandakoor”.⁵ He left “a will to the effect that he should be succeeded by Abdul Allim Khan, the son of the former Nabob whom he had imprisoned”.⁵ See Abdul Halim Khan.

Haidar Ali and the end of the Nawabship

In 1769 Haidar Ali claimed Kadapa and Kurnool under a secret treaty with the Nizam.⁴⁰ He levied contributions on “Kurpa, and Kurnool, the territories of the Patan Nabobs”.⁴⁰ The memoir of Ram Chandra Rao says that he took two lakhs of rupees from Halim Khan.⁴¹

In 1776 Halim Khan joined Haidar’s tributaries with 2,000 horse.⁴² But in the same year he helped the Nizam’s general against Haidar.⁴³

Haidar sent Mir Sahib against him late in 1778.⁴⁴²⁵² In 1779 Haidar came himself, defeated the Pathan horse near Duvvur and took the town of Kadapa “without resistance”.⁴⁴²⁵² The Nawab held out at Sidhout until he surrendered, on 27 May in Wilks’s account.²

Wilks says that after a plot was discovered at Srirangapatna (then Seringapatam), “all the male adults of the family” were secretly killed.²⁴⁵ He also says that Haidar married the Nawab’s sister.²⁴⁵ Haidar added the conquered country to Gurramkonda.⁴⁶ He gave the whole “as a military dependency” to Mir Sahib, on condition that he kept 3,000 horse.⁴⁶ See Mysore under Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan.

One claimant tried to revive the title. Wilks tells of Sayyid Muhammad, a son-in-law of “the vanquished Patan nabob”.⁴⁷⁴⁸ Haidar had released him as a “fakeer” (a holy beggar).⁴⁷⁴⁸ After Haidar’s death he raised a force and “entered the province of Kurpa, supported by the English Government under the designation of the Nabob of Kurpa”.⁴⁷⁴⁸ Qamar-ud-din defeated him in 1783.⁴⁷⁴⁸

The Kadapa taluks passed to the Nizam by the treaty of Seringapatam in 1792.⁴⁹ The treaty’s schedule begins “Talook Kurpah, 61 Talooks”.⁴⁹ The Nizam gave them to the Company in 1800.⁵⁰ See Qamar-ud-din Khan.

Where the sources disagree

• The end of the Nawabship. Wilks dates Halim Khan’s surrender at Sidhout to 27 May 1779.² The Telugu account dates the night battle before it to 1 April 1779.⁵¹ Gribble’s Sidhout chronology and Brown’s Carnatic Chronology put the conquest in 1778.⁵⁵² Kirmani heads his chapter “1191, Hijri.—A. D. 1777”.⁸ Gribble’s narrative and the Cuddapah gazetteer put Haidar’s own campaign in the year after 1779, that is 1780.²⁷⁵³ Elsewhere Gribble says the town was “sacked by Hyder Ali in 1779”.¹⁴
• The Nawab killed in 1757. Kirmani names him Abdul Majid Khan.³⁶ Grant Duff and Orme leave him unnamed and call Abdul Nabi Khan his “cousin and heir”.¹¹¹⁰ Gribble’s Sidhout chronology says that the man killed was Syed Meer, jagirdar (holder of a land grant) of Sidhout.⁵ In the chronology the Nawab, “Moochi Meer”, survived and made peace.⁵ Gribble’s narrative has “Mahasim Khan”, whom he identifies with Moochi Meer, killed in 1751.⁶
• The Nawab of 1750–51. Gribble and the gazetteer think that the de facto Nawab who shot Nasir Jang was mortally wounded at Lakkireddipalle.³³³⁴⁵³ In their view the minor Abdul Alim (Halim) Khan followed him.³³³⁴⁵³ Briggs (1861) names the Nawab who shot Nasir Jang as “Mahommed Khan, the Patan Nuwab of Kurpa”.⁵⁴ Kirkpatrick names the chief of Kadapa in 1752 as Abdul Nabi Khan.³⁵ Brown’s chronology has Majid Khan ruling in 1753.¹²
• Who killed Nasir Jang and Muzaffar Jang. Gribble, the gazetteer and the Nellore manual make the Nawab of Cuddapah the killer of Nasir Jang.³³⁵⁵⁵⁶ Kirkpatrick, following Mir Husain and the Maasir-ul-Umara, names the Nawab of Kurnool, and so do the Kurnool manual’s “other historians”.⁵⁷⁵⁸⁵⁹ Gribble and the Kurnool manual say the Nawab of Kurnool killed Muzaffar Jang.³³⁵⁸⁵⁹ The Nellore manual says the Nawab of Cuddapah killed him.⁵⁵⁵⁶
• Abdul Nabi Khan’s dates. The gazetteer dates his rule from 1714 and says his son was Nawab in 1732.¹ Gribble dates his conquest of Punganur both to 1714 and to 1718.²⁰⁶ Brown has him ruling Gandikota in 1710 and dying in 1747 after ruling Kadapa eleven years.⁶⁰¹² Burhanuddin implies that he was dead by 1733.⁶¹
• Halim Khan’s father. The Telugu account makes him the son of Abdul Masid Khan, son of Abdul Hamid Khan.³⁹ Brown’s chronology also calls Majid Khan the son of Abdul Hamid Khan.¹² Gribble and the gazetteer make Mahazid (Majid) Khan the son of Abdul Nabi Khan.⁶¹
• The Nawab of Arcot in 1694. The gazetteer says that “as late as A.D. 1694” the Nawab of Arcot appointed a governor of the Siddhavatam country.¹ Gribble’s Sidhout chronology names him “Sadoolla Khan of Arcot”.⁵ Wilks says that Saadatullah Khan became Nawab of the two Carnatics only in 1713.¹⁶ He says the records of Madras give the same year.¹⁶ Wilks adds that Orme places it in 1710.¹⁶

Footnotes

1. C. F. Brackenbury, Madras District Gazetteers: Cuddapah, Vol. I (1915), p. 41 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷ ↩⁸ ↩⁹ ↩¹⁰ ↩¹¹ ↩¹² ↩¹³

2. Mark Wilks, Historical Sketches of the South of India, Vol. II (1817), p. 195 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷ ↩⁸ ↩⁹

3. Imperial Gazetteer of India, Provincial Series: Madras, Vol. I (1908), p. 373 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

4. Mark Wilks, Historical Sketches of the South of India, Vol. I (1810), p. 219 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

5. J. D. B. Gribble, A Manual of the District of Cuddapah (1875), p. 51 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷ ↩⁸ ↩⁹ ↩¹⁰ ↩¹¹ ↩¹² ↩¹³ ↩¹⁴ ↩¹⁵

6. Gribble, Cuddapah (1875), p. 91 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷

7. Brackenbury, Cuddapah (1915), p. 40, quoting Munro (1801) (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

8. Mir Husain Ali Khan Kirmani, The History of Hydur Naik, tr. W. Miles (1842), p. 351 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

9. Ram Chandra Rao Punganuri, Memoirs of Hyder and Tippoo, tr. C. P. Brown (1849), p. 25, translator’s note (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

10. Robert Orme, A History of the Military Transactions of the British Nation in Indostan, Vol. II (Madras reprint, 1861), p. 291 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶

11. James Grant Duff, A History of the Mahrattas, Vol. II (1826), p. 104 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

12. C. P. Brown, Carnatic Chronology (1863), p. 73 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

13. Kirmani, History of Hydur Naik, tr. Miles (1842), p. 271 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

14. Gribble, Cuddapah (1875), p. 61 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶

15. Gribble, Cuddapah (1875), p. 60 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

16. Wilks, Historical Sketches, Vol. I (1810), p. 226 and note (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

17. Wilks, Historical Sketches, Vol. I (1810), p. 218 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

18. Wilks, Historical Sketches, Vol. I (1810), p. 227 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

19. Imperial Gazetteer: Madras, Vol. I (1908), p. 394 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

20. Gribble, Cuddapah (1875), p. 89 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷ ↩⁸ ↩⁹

21. Gribble, Cuddapah (1875), p. 90 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

22. Brackenbury, Cuddapah (1915), p. 45, quoting Munro (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

23. Walter Elliot, Coins of Southern India (1886), p. 145 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

24. Wilks, Historical Sketches, Vol. II (1817), p. 190 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

25. Wilks, Historical Sketches, Vol. II (1817), p. 191 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

26. Brackenbury, Cuddapah (1915), p. 39 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

27. Gribble, Cuddapah (1875), p. 97 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

28. Gribble, Cuddapah (1875), p. 48 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

29. Gribble, Cuddapah (1875), p. 49 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

30. V. Rangacharya, A Topographical List of the Inscriptions of the Madras Presidency, Vol. I (1919), p. 662, Cuddapah district, Siddhavattam, Nos. 928–929 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

31. Brackenbury, Cuddapah (1915), p. 42 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

32. Gribble, Cuddapah (1875), p. 93 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

33. Gribble, Cuddapah (1875), p. 94 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷ ↩⁸ ↩⁹ ↩¹⁰ ↩¹¹

34. Gribble, Cuddapah (1875), p. 95 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶

35. William Kirkpatrick (tr.), Select Letters of Tippoo Sultan (1811), Appendix G, p. lviii (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

36. Kirmani, History of Hydur Naik, tr. Miles (1842), p. 67 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

37. Orme, Military Transactions, Vol. II (1861), p. 292 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

38. Kirmani, History of Hydur Naik, tr. Miles (1842), p. 68 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

39. Ram Chandra Rao, Memoirs, tr. Brown (1849), p. 26 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

40. Wilks, Historical Sketches, Vol. II (1817), p. 131 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

41. Ram Chandra Rao, Memoirs, tr. Brown (1849), p. 20 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

42. Wilks, Historical Sketches, Vol. II (1817), p. 173 note (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

43. Kirmani, History of Hydur Naik, tr. Miles (1842), p. 323 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

44. Wilks, Historical Sketches, Vol. II (1817), p. 187 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

45. Wilks, Historical Sketches, Vol. II (1817), p. 197 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

46. Wilks, Historical Sketches, Vol. II (1817), p. 198 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

47. Wilks, Historical Sketches, Vol. II (1817), p. 465 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

48. Wilks, Historical Sketches, Vol. II (1817), p. 466 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

49. C. U. Aitchison, A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads, Vol. IX (4th ed., 1909), p. 214, treaty of Seringapatam, districts ceded to the Nizam (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

50. Aitchison, Treaties, Vol. IX (1909), p. 69, treaty of 12 October 1800, Articles 5–6 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

51. Ram Chandra Rao, Memoirs, tr. Brown (1849), p. 27 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

52. Brown, Carnatic Chronology (1863), p. 76 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

53. Brackenbury, Cuddapah (1915), p. 44 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

54. Henry George Briggs, The Nizam, Vol. I (1861), p. 56 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

55. John A. C. Boswell, A Manual of the Nellore District (1873), p. 447 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

56. Boswell, Nellore District (1873), p. 448 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

57. Kirkpatrick, Select Letters of Tippoo Sultan (1811), Appendix G, p. lvii and note 15 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

58. Narahari Gopalakristnamah Chetty, A Manual of the Kurnool District (1886), p. 32 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

59. Chetty, Kurnool District (1886), p. 33 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

60. Brown, Carnatic Chronology (1863), p. 71 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

61. Muhammad Burhanuddin Siddiqui, The Carnatic & Kurnool, their Last Muhammedan Rulers (Madras, 1905), p. 23 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩