Marathas and the Telugu country

The Marathas came into the history of the Telugu country late and from outside. Their homeland was the western Deccan.¹ From the 1630s their leaders served or fought the sultans of Bijapur and Golconda.¹ From 1677 to 1818, Maratha armies, tax-collectors and treaties reached Hyderabad, Rayalaseema and the coast.¹²³

This page follows them only as far as the Telugu story needs them.¹²³ It covers:

• the alliance with Golconda in 1677
• Maratha rights in Rayalaseema
• the tribute claimed from the Nizam’s state
• the Peshwas’ wars with the Asaf Jahis
• the raids of the Bhonsles of Nagpur
• the forts of Gurramkonda, Punganur and Penukonda, which changed hands between the Marathas, the Nawabs of Cuddapah and the rulers of Mysore¹²³

The sources

The history of the Marathas in English begins with James Grant Duff’s History of the Mahrattas (1826).⁴ It draws on Maratha manuscripts, original letters of Shivaji and Persian histories.⁴ The Anantapur and Bellary gazetteers say that their accounts of the Maratha period rest mainly on Grant Duff, and on Mark Wilks’s Historical Sketches of the South of India (1810–17).⁵

Jadunath Sarkar’s Shivaji and his Times (2nd ed., 1920) checks the Marathi chronicles against Persian histories and the letters of the English traders at Madras and Surat.⁶ The Source Book of Maratha History (1928) prints three works in translation.⁷⁸ One is the chronicle of Krishnaji Anant Sabhasad, written in 1694 at Jinji for Shivaji’s son Rajaram.⁷ The others are the court poem Shiva-Bharat and the Jedhe chronology.⁸

For Rayalaseema, the district manuals add local records and Munro’s reports of 1801–02.⁹¹⁰¹¹ These are the manuals of Kurnool (1886), Cuddapah (1875 and 1915), Bellary (1904), Anantapur (1905) and North Arcot (1894–95).⁹¹⁰¹¹ For the coast, the manuals of Kistna, Godavari and Visakhapatnam (then Vizagapatam) use Orme and the French records.¹²

Shahji in the Karnatak

Shivaji’s father, Shahji Bhonsle, was a Maratha captain of hired soldiers.¹³ He had served the Nizam Shahi kings of Ahmadnagar.¹³ After 1636 he took service with Muhammad Adil Shah of Bijapur.¹⁴¹⁵ He went to the Karnatak as second in command to the general Randaula Khan.¹⁴¹⁵ He was promised a jagir (land grant) of Kolar, Bangalore, Hoskote, Balapur and Sira.¹⁴¹⁵

The Shiva-Bharat is a poem written for the family.¹⁶ It lists the kings Shahji conquered for Randaula.¹⁶ Among them are “the formidable King of Piluganda, named Venkata” and “the wise Srirangaraja, King of Vidyanagar”.¹⁶

The North Arcot manual records that the forefathers of the Telugu poligars (local chiefs) of Punganur had held Kolar.¹⁷ Bijapur’s general “Ranadhulla Khan” laid siege to Kolar in 1639. Their regent then retreated to Avulapalli.¹⁷¹⁸ Bijapur then confirmed the young poligar in Punganur and the nearby districts.¹⁸

Gribble, writing in 1875, says the Marathas took the family’s jagirs of Hoskote and Kolar, “probably by Shahjee”.¹⁹ But he dates this to about 1612.¹⁹ Shahji’s part in Bijapur’s conquest of the Karnatak is told on the Adil Shahi page; see Shahji Bhonsle.

Shivaji’s Karnatak expedition, 1677

In 1676, Sarkar writes, Shivaji prepared an expedition into the Karnatak.²⁰ He made sure of the friendship of Golconda for it.²⁰ Sarkar says Madanna, “the all-powerful wazir of Abul Hassan Qutb Shah, had already made a subsidiary alliance with Shiva, promising him an annual tribute of one lakh of hun”.²⁰ A Maratha envoy, Prahlad Niraji, lived at Hyderabad.²⁰

Sabhasad says that Shivaji would not touch his own treasury for the war.⁷ Golconda already paid him tribute, so he judged it should be won by friendship, not force.⁷ He wrote to Prahlad that he wished to meet the king.²¹

“Padshah Tanashah” was afraid of the man who had killed Afzal Khan.²¹ He was calmed only by Prahlad’s oaths and the advice of Madanna and Akkanna.²¹ Sarkar thought Madanna “most probably” urged the meeting, to strengthen the alliance.²²

Shivaji left Raigarh early in January 1677 and marched east.²² On entering Golconda territory, he forbade his men to take anything without paying for it.²² Sarkar says the first offenders were hanged or maimed. This kept “the most perfect discipline” among some 70,000 men.²² The estimates of his army vary.²² Sabhasad speaks of “a select force of 25,000 horsemen”. An English letter of 1678 speaks of 20,000 horse and 40,000 foot.²²

Shivaji reached Hyderabad early in February.²¹²³ Abul Hasan offered to come out to meet him.²¹ But Shivaji declined, Sabhasad says, “for the Padshah was to him like an elder brother”.²¹ Madanna and Akkanna led him into the city instead.²¹²³

The streets were sprinkled with saffron water.²³ Women waved lamps before him, and gold and silver flowers were thrown down on him from the balconies.²¹²³

At the Dad Mahal, the king embraced him and seated him at his side.²⁴²⁵ Only Madanna was allowed to sit, and the two kings talked for three hours.²⁴²⁵ The next day Madanna gave a dinner.²⁶ Sabhasad says, “the dinner was prepared by Madannapant’s mother”.²⁴ See Hyderabad.

A month was spent at Hyderabad. Sarkar describes the agreement made there:²⁶²⁷

• The king was to pay Shivaji 3,000 hun (gold coins) a day.
• He was to send 5,000 men with artillery, under his general Mirza Muhammad Amin.
• Shivaji promised him a share “of such parts of his conquests in the Karnatak as had not belonged to his father Shahji”.
• Shivaji renewed the defensive alliance against the Mughals.
• The king promised to keep paying his yearly tribute of one lakh of hun, and to keep a Maratha envoy at court.²⁶²⁷

Grant Duff wrote from Maratha and Bijapur manuscripts.²⁸²⁹ He gives the same terms: a division of conquests outside Shahji’s lands, and “a treaty offensive and defensive against the Moghuls”.²⁸²⁹ He adds that Shivaji obtained money and “what he most wanted, a train of artillery”.²⁸²⁹

Elsewhere, Sarkar calls it “a more than royal welcome”.³⁰ Shivaji wrote to Vyankoji later that year.³¹ His letter says simply: “I came to Bhaganagar to see the Kutubshah on some diplomatic business; thence I went into the Karnatak and came to Chandi.”³¹

Srisailam, Kurnool and the march south

Early in March, Shivaji left Hyderabad and marched south.³² Sarkar says he crossed the Krishna “at the Nivritti Sangam where the Bhavanashi flows into it, 24 miles north-east of Karnul”.³² He bathed there, and in the whirlpool of Chakratirtha.³²³³

He then rode with a few followers 37 miles east to Srisailam.³² His army waited for him at “Anantpur (44 m. east of Karnul)”.³³ He spent about ten days at the shrine of Mallikarjuna.³⁴

Sabhasad says that Shivaji “thought of offering himself—his head—in sacrifice at the shrine”.³⁵ Then the goddess Bhavani, speaking through him, forbade it.³⁵ Sarkar adds that his ministers held him back.³⁴ He says Shivaji built a bathing ghat named Shri-Gangesha, a monastery and a rest-house, and fed a lakh of Brahmins.³⁴

Grant Duff says Shivaji spent twelve days there.²⁹ His troops “advanced slowly by the route of Kuddapah”.²⁹ Then they came down into the lowland by the Damalcheruvu pass.³⁶

The Kurnool manual tells of the visit from local tradition.⁹ Shivaji crossed the Krishna at “Nivarti Sangam”.⁹ He took “three lakhs of rupees from Ananda Row, Désamukhi of Kurnool”.⁹ He sent his army to “Handé Anantapur”, and joined it there after his days at Srisailam.⁹ The manual dates all this to 1674.⁹

Sarkar quotes a Madras record of 9 May 1677.³⁷ It reported that the front of the army, about 5,000 horse, had “already passed Tripati and Kalhastri” on its way to Kanchipuram (then Conjeeveram).³⁷

Gribble’s Cuddapah manual says that Shivaji’s part of the alliance “appears to have consisted in reducing the various strongholds of the numerous Poligars in the Cuddapah and Bellary Districts”.³⁸³⁹ In each fort, it says, he placed “a Mahratta Brahmin, a dependant of his own”.³⁸³⁹ Then he marched through the Tirupati pass into the lower Carnatic.³⁹ See Kurnool, Tirupati and Srikalahasti.

The rest of the campaign lay in the Tamil country.³⁷⁴⁰⁴¹ Jinji was taken at the end of May, and Vellore after fourteen months.³⁷⁴⁰ Shivaji quarrelled with Vyankoji over their father’s property.⁴¹

For Golconda, Sarkar says, the result was bitter.⁴² The king “had borne all the expenses of the expedition and supplied artillery and an auxiliary force for it. But not one of the conquered forts was given to him”.⁴² In 1678 the king turned to make peace with Bijapur against Shivaji.⁴² In Sarkar’s words, “the diplomatic system so patiently built up by Madanna Pandit fell to the ground”.⁴² Grant Duff, writing of the same moment, says only that the king “probably by this time perceived that he had been duped”.⁴³

Bellary and the cession of 1680

Shivaji returned home by the uplands. Sarkar describes his route through Kolar and Sira, “and then returned home through the Bellary and Dharwar districts, reaching Panhala in March, 1678”.⁴¹

Grant Duff says that near Bellary, some of Shivaji’s foragers were killed by the people of the fort.⁴ The fort was then held by the widow of a desai (local revenue chief).⁴ Shivaji besieged it for twenty-seven days and took it. Then he took Kopal.⁴

The Bellary gazetteer follows a Mackenzie manuscript.⁴⁴⁴⁵ It says the lady “defended herself stoutly and only surrendered after a siege of 27 days”.⁴⁴⁴⁵ The fort was given back to her when she agreed to pay tribute.⁴⁵

Shivaji’s officers then forced “the refractory Deshmookhs in the neighbourhood of Kopaul and Bellary” to submit.⁴⁶ Sarkar names the poligars of Raydurg and Harpanahalli among the chiefs brought to obedience.⁴⁷⁴⁸

In 1679 the Mughal general Dilir Khan moved against Bijapur.⁴⁹ The regent Siddi Masud called in Shivaji.⁴⁹ The price of the alliance, Grant Duff says, was “the cession of the tract around Kopaul and Bellary”.⁵⁰ Shivaji also got Bijapur’s claims over his conquests in the south, and over Tanjore and Shahji’s jagir.⁵⁰

The Anantapur gazetteer states the result for the district: “In 1680 the rights held by Bijápur over this part of the country were formally made over to him and the poligars paid their tribute to him”.³ The Bellary gazetteer says that “all the poligars paid him the usual Maráthá tribute, or chauth”.⁵ See Siddi Masud and Sikandar Adil Shah.

Golconda, Sambhaji and the Mughal conquest

The alliance outlived Shivaji, who died on 5 April 1680.⁵¹ Sarkar says that it continued with his son Sambhaji.³⁰ In 1687 Aurangzeb besieged Golconda.⁵² The charges he published against the king included sending money to Sambhaji.³⁰⁵²

The Anantapur gazetteer says that in 1687 Aurangzeb “overthrew the power of the Maráthas within the district and added the country to the Mughal Subah of Bijápur”.³ The Bellary gazetteer says he “recovered the district”.⁵³

The Maratha war went on in the south.⁵⁴ The Mughals captured Sambhaji in February 1689.⁵⁴ His younger brother Rajaram escaped to Jinji, where he arrived in November 1689.⁵⁴

Soon afterwards, Sarkar writes, some former Golconda officers turned against the Mughals.⁵⁵ Aurangzeb had taken them into his service in the Haidarabadi Karnatak. They were Muhammad Sadiq, Yachapa Nayak and Ismail Maka.⁵⁵ They “made an alliance with Rajaram … and began to usurp the country and collect the revenue”.⁵⁵ This went on until Zulfiqar Khan marched down by Raichur, Kurnool, Nandyal, Kadapa and Gurramkonda in 1690.⁵⁵ The Mughal page tells the history of the conquest.

Chauth and sardeshmukhi, 1719

The Maratha claim on the Deccan was a claim to a share of its revenue.⁵⁶ Chauth was a fourth, and sardeshmukhi a further tenth.⁵⁶ In 1718 the viceroy Husain Ali Khan agreed terms with Shahu, the grandson of Shivaji.⁵⁶

Shahu demanded “the Chouth and Surdeshmookhee of the six Soobehs of the Deccan, including the Beejapoor and Hyderabad Carnatic”.⁵⁶ In return he promised to clear “the Carnatic, and the Soobehs of Beejapoor and Hyderabad” of plunderers.⁵⁶

In 1719 three imperial grants gave Shahu the chauth of the six provinces.⁵⁷⁵⁸ The condition was that he kept 15,000 horse to help the governors keep order.⁵⁷ He got the sardeshmukhi besides.⁵⁷⁵⁸ Grant Duff prints the revenue of the provinces as the Mughals recorded it. For Hyderabad it was more than six krores.⁵⁸

Gribble adds that Shahu “made himself responsible for the peace and security of the districts over which he levied this species of blackmail”.⁵⁹

Mubariz Khan, the governor of Hyderabad, did not pay the chauth by the agreement, Khafi Khan says.⁶⁰ But the Maratha collectors still took it “whenever and wherever they found the opportunity”.⁶⁰

Gribble quotes the same historian about the years after 1724.⁶¹ Nizam-ul-Mulk then arranged “that instead of the chouth of the Suba of Hyderabad a sum of money should be paid from his treasury”.⁶¹ He also arranged “that the surdeshmukh which was levied from the ryots at the rate of ten per cent should be abandoned”.⁶¹ The Imperial Gazetteer says that Asaf Jah “had to repel the inroads of the Marathas who were harassing the west of his newly acquired territory”.⁶²

The claim to chauth lasted as long as the Peshwas.⁶³⁶⁴ The Nizam was freed from it only by the treaty of 12 December 1822, after the British had taken over the Peshwa’s rights.⁶³⁶⁴ See Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah I and the Mughals.

The Peshwas and the Nizams

The first great trial of strength came in 1728.⁶⁵ Baji Rao I, Shahu’s Peshwa, drew Nizam-ul-Mulk’s army north towards Burhanpur, while he plundered Gujarat.⁶⁵⁶⁶ The Nizam then recrossed the Godavari.⁶⁶ Baji Rao “set fire to the grass, destroyed the forage”.⁶⁶ He surrounded the Nizam’s army in broken ground, “around which, for several miles, there was no water”.⁶⁶

The Nizam had to negotiate.⁶⁷ He agreed to give security for the Maratha shares of revenue and to make good the arrears (unpaid sums).⁶⁷ The campaign was fought far from the Telugu country. It is usually named after Palkhed, but Grant Duff does not name the battlefield.⁶⁶

In 1740 a Maratha army under Raghoji Bhonsle entered the Carnatic.⁶⁸⁶⁹ It killed the Nawab of Arcot, Dost Ali, near the Damalcheruvu pass.⁶⁸⁶⁹ In March 1741 it took Tiruchirappalli (then Trichinopoly).⁷⁰

The Cuddapah gazetteer says this army defeated the Nawab of Kurnool.¹⁰ It beat the Nawab of Cuddapah in a day’s fighting, and again “in the defile” (narrow pass).¹⁰ It let him go for a lakh and a half of rupees.¹⁰

The Kurnool manual says the district was overrun in 1741 by “a Mahratta army under Fatte Sing … on his return from his southern expedition”.⁷¹ It translates a local poet: “On his return in Durmati he plundered Cuddapah, Chagalmari, Sirvel and Nandyal, in short, the whole of the Srisaila country, and took possession of Kurnool and other strongholds.”⁷¹

Early in 1743, Nizam-ul-Mulk marched south himself.⁷² The Cuddapah gazetteer says he “made a friendly arrangement with the Mahrattas by ceding to them Penukonda in exchange for their restoration of Trichinopoly”.⁷² Grant Duff tells it differently.⁷³⁷⁴ He says the Nizam recognised the Maratha Morari Rao as chief of Gooty.⁷³⁷⁴ Morari Rao left the Carnatic with all his troops in August 1743.⁷³ See Penukonda and Gooty.

After Nizam-ul-Mulk’s death, the Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao fought his sons. Soon after 1751, the French troops of Bussy fought the Marathas for Salabat Jang.⁷⁵ Their artillery, the Kistna manual says, “astonished both friend and foe”.⁷⁵

In 1760 the Peshwa’s cousin Sadashiv Rao Bhau caught Salabat Jang and his brother Nizam Ali Khan at Udgir.⁷⁶⁷⁷ Udgir was a town of the Bidar district of the Nizam’s state.⁷⁸

The Nizam’s army was owed arrears of pay, Grant Duff says.⁷⁶ An “insurrection, caused by Soorya Rao, the Deshmookh of Neermul” had just been put down.⁷⁶ There were days of skirmishing, and then the Maratha artillery arrived under Ibrahim Khan Gardi.⁷⁹ Nizam Ali sent his seal of office to the Bhau and accepted terms.⁷⁹⁸⁰

By the treaty, the Nizam gave up the forts of Daulatabad, Shivner, Asirgarh and Bijapur.⁸⁰ He also gave up districts worth more than sixty-two lakhs of rupees a year, including the province of Bijapur and most of Aurangabad.⁸⁰ See Udgir.

The Marathas were defeated at Panipat in January 1761.⁸¹ This encouraged Nizam Ali, now ruler at Hyderabad, to try to win back what he had lost.⁸¹ In 1763 he plundered Poona.⁸¹ In reply, the Peshwa’s uncle Raghunath Rao “proceeded towards Hyderabad”.⁸¹⁸²

Grant Duff writes that “the wall which surrounds the city of Hyderabad had prevented him from making any impression on the Moghul capital, but he exacted a contribution of one lack and eighty thousand rupees from the suburbs”.⁸² Gribble’s second volume (1924) says that the Marathas marched to Hyderabad and “were defeated, and had to retire, although not without levying a considerable amount of blackmail”.⁸³

Then the Nizam’s army crossed the Godavari.⁸⁴ Raghunath Rao fell on the part of it left with the Diwan, Raja Pratapwant, at “Rakisbone” (Rakshasbhuvan) on the south bank of the river.⁸⁴⁸⁵ The Diwan was killed, and “after a sanguinary conflict” (a bloody battle) the Mughals were routed.⁸⁵ The Bhonsle raja Janoji had been bought off beforehand, with a promise of territory worth thirty-two lakhs.⁸⁴⁸⁵

Grant Duff notes that the Marathas called this “the battle of Taindulza”.⁸⁵ See Raghunath Rao and Madhavrao I.

The last of these wars was fought in 1795.⁸⁶⁸⁷⁸⁸ The Marathas revived their claim to arrears of chauth.⁸⁶ The Nizam’s minister declared that the Peshwa’s minister, Nana Phadnavis, would be brought to Hyderabad to explain his accounts.⁸⁶⁸⁷ The Nizam marched from Bidar along the Manjira.⁸⁷⁸⁸

The two armies met near Kharda in March.⁸⁹⁹⁰ The Nizam’s Patan cavalry broke the first Maratha line.⁸⁹⁹⁰ Among them were the troops of Alif Khan of Kurnool.⁸⁹⁹⁰ But the Nizam retreated in the evening, and a panic in the night scattered his army.⁹⁰⁹¹

The Nizam took refuge in the small fort of Kharda, where he was surrounded.⁹¹⁹² He gave up his minister.⁹² He gave up territory from Paranda to the Tapti, with the fort of Daulatabad, and promised three krores of rupees.⁹²

The Kurnool manual says that Alif Khan “joined him at the battle of Kardla (A.D. 1795)” with 1,400 horse.⁹³ Gribble’s Cuddapah manual tells a different story.⁹⁴ In it, the Nizam won the battle through the skill of his French officer Raymond. Then he lost the victory by retreating into the fort.⁹⁴ The Asaf Jahi page describes the treaty and its results. See Kharda.

The Bhonsles of Nagpur

Gribble’s second volume names “the Mahratta Rajah of Nagpur” among the Maratha princes around the Hyderabad State.⁹⁵ They surrounded it “on the north, the west and the south-western frontiers”.⁹⁵ Raghoji Bhonsle led the Carnatic expedition of 1740 by way of Kurnool and Kadapa.⁶⁸¹⁰

In January 1753, the Kistna manual says, Bussy advised Salabat Jang “to conclude a peace with the Mahratta prince, Ragoji Bhonslai, giving up certain disputed territory to the westward”.⁷⁵

In the next year, Jafar Ali Khan, the Nizam’s governor of Rajahmundry and Srikakulam (then Chicacole), refused to hand his provinces to the French.¹²⁹⁶ His ally, the raja of Vizianagaram, deserted him. Then “Jafar Ali called in the help of the Marathas of Nagpur”.¹²⁹⁶

According to the Vizagapatam gazetteer, the Marathas crossed the hills by the Pachipenta pass.¹²⁹⁶ They “devastated the two Circars from end to end”.¹²⁹⁶ They plundered and burnt the Dutch factory at Bheemunipatnam (then Bimlipatam), and defeated the raja near Vizianagaram.¹²⁹⁶ Then they crossed the Godavari by a ford and went home “with an immense booty”.¹²⁹⁶ The Godavari and Kistna manuals tell of the same raid.⁹⁷⁹⁸

In 1763 Janoji Bhonsle joined Nizam Ali against the Peshwa.⁸⁴ He changed sides before Rakshasbhuvan.⁸⁴ Gribble’s second volume describes the Bhonsles in the 1780s.⁹⁹ By then the Bhonsle raja had taken over a large part of Berar.⁹⁹ He collected 60 per cent of the revenue of the rest “as chouth and surdeshmookhee”, alongside the Nizam’s officers.⁹⁹ The Imperial Gazetteer records a tradition that the Rajura taluk of Adilabad passed from a Gond raja to the Bhonsles.¹⁰⁰

At Kharda, Raghoji II commanded the Maratha right wing.⁸⁹ The settlement gave him territory, and the arrears of his own claims.¹⁰¹ After the British war of 1803, the Nizam received “the Deccan territories conquered from Sindhia and Nagpur”.¹⁰² This was by the partition treaty of 28 April 1804.¹⁰² See Raghoji Bhonsle I.

Gurramkonda, Punganur and the wars with Mysore

The Maratha holdings in Rayalaseema in the eighteenth century came out of wars with the Nawabs of Cuddapah and with Mysore.¹⁰³¹⁰⁴ In 1757 the Peshwa’s officer Balwant Rao Mendle was left in the Carnatic to collect tribute.¹⁰³ On 24 September he defeated the Nawabs of Cuddapah and Kurnool in a battle near Kadapa.¹⁰³¹⁰⁴ The Nawab of Cuddapah was killed and his capital plundered.¹⁰⁴

The Cuddapah gazetteer says that “it was apparently on this occasion that the Mahrattas were bought off by the cession of Gurramkonda”.¹⁰⁵ The North Arcot manual says that the poligar of Punganur fell fighting on the Nawab’s side in 1757.¹⁸ Then “half his soubah, including Punganúr, was taken by the Mahrattas”.¹⁸ Wilks says that the Nawab of Cuddapah “purchased the retreat of a Mahratta invasion by the cession of Goorumconda”.¹⁰⁶ See Balwant Rao Mendle, Gurramkonda and Punganur.

Haidar Ali’s rise in Mysore turned these places into a frontier. In 1762 he took Penukonda and other forts from Morari Rao of Gooty.¹⁰⁷³

In 1767 the Peshwa Madhavrao I took Sira.¹⁰⁸¹⁰⁶ Its commander was Haidar’s brother-in-law Mir Sahib.¹⁰⁸¹⁰⁶ He gave up Sira and received from the Marathas “the fort and district of Goorumconda” instead.¹⁰⁸¹⁰⁶ Mir Sahib then went back to Haidar and gave Gurramkonda to him.¹⁰⁶¹⁰⁹

In 1771 Madhavrao’s uncle Trimbak Rao besieged Gurramkonda for two months, until it surrendered.¹¹⁰¹¹¹ By the treaty of June 1772, the Marathas kept Shahji’s old districts, and also “Mudgerry and Gurumconda”.¹¹¹¹¹²

After Madhavrao’s death, Haidar’s son Tipu took back Sira, Madhugiri and Gurramkonda.¹¹³¹¹⁴ This was between September 1773 and February 1774.¹¹³¹¹⁴ The North Arcot manual says Punganur passed to Haidar after twenty years of struggle.¹⁸

In 1786 Tipu besieged Adoni, held by the Nizam’s nephew Mahabat Jang.¹¹⁵¹¹⁶ A Maratha and Mughal army relieved it.¹¹⁶¹¹⁷ But then it withdrew the garrison, and Tipu destroyed the fort.¹¹⁷⁵³ This page keeps the wars with Mysore short, and the later rulers of Mysore will have their own page.

The end of Maratha power in the region

The Marathas left Rayalaseema by treaty. On 4 July 1790, the East India Company and the Nizam made an alliance, and the Peshwa was a party to it.⁸⁸ The allies agreed to invade Tipu’s lands and divide the conquests equally.⁸⁸

The treaty of Seringapatam in 1792 gave the Nizam the Kadapa country.¹¹⁸¹¹⁹ It also gave him the taluks of Tadpatri and Tadimarri in the Anantapur district.¹¹⁸ The Nizam’s army, with a British battery, had besieged Gurramkonda since September 1791. The fort was handed over under the treaty.¹¹⁹⁹⁴

Tipu died in 1799.¹²⁰¹¹⁸ The Nizam then received his share by the partition treaty of Mysore.¹²⁰ The treaty adds that “to these were subsequently added two-thirds of the territories which were offered to, but rejected by, the Peshwa”.¹²⁰ In 1800 the Nizam gave these lands to the Company. They became the Ceded Districts.¹²⁰¹¹⁸

The Peshwa Baji Rao II was driven from Poona by Yashwant Rao Holkar.¹²¹ By the treaty of Bassein in 1802, he accepted a British subsidiary force.¹²¹¹²² The Maratha chiefs who opposed it were beaten in 1803.¹²²⁶³ The Imperial Gazetteer says the battle of Assaye on 23 September “completely crushed the Marathas, and secured the Nizam’s territories”.¹²²⁶³

In 1817–18 the Peshwa rose against the British and was overthrown.⁶⁴⁶³ The Nizam’s army served in “the Pindari and Maratha wars”.⁶³ By the treaty of 12 December 1822, the Nizam received territory.⁶⁴ He was also released “from all arrears of tribute which he owed to the Peshwa, and from all demands for such tribute in future”.⁶⁴

The Maratha court at Tanjore and Telugu literature

The Maratha kingdom of Thanjavur (then Tanjore) was founded by Shivaji’s half-brother Vyankoji.¹²³ It is outside the Telugu country, but Telugu literature carried on there.¹²⁴¹²⁵ Grant Duff says that the raja of Thanjavur in the 1740s was a grandson of Vyankoji.¹²³ In 1741 Pratap Singh, Tukoji’s son by a concubine, was raised to the head of the government.¹²³

Chenchiah and Bhujanga Rao wrote a History of Telugu Literature (1928).¹²⁴ It records that “Muddupalani, a courtesan of Pratapa Sinha, of Tanjore (1765), composed in Telugu a kavya under the name Radhika Svantam”.¹²⁴ It calls the composer Tyagaraja “the greatest gift of Tanjore to the Andhra literature”.¹²⁵ It does not discuss the Maratha rajas as patrons in general.¹²⁴¹²⁵

Where the sources disagree

• The year of Shivaji’s visit to Kurnool. Sarkar, Grant Duff and the Jedhe chronology put the visit to Golconda and Srisailam in February–March 1677.³²⁸⁹ The Kurnool manual dates it to 1674.³²⁸⁹
• Where the army waited. Sarkar places Shivaji’s camp at an “Anantpur” 44 miles east of Kurnool. The Kurnool manual names “Handé Anantapur”, the seat of the Hande poligars, which lies far to the south.³³⁹²⁹ Grant Duff says the army moved by the route of Kadapa.³³⁹²⁹
• Penukonda in 1743. The Cuddapah gazetteer says the Nizam gave Penukonda to the Marathas. Grant Duff and the Anantapur gazetteer speak instead of Morari Rao, recognised as chief of Gooty and later holding Penukonda.⁷²⁷³³
• The year Punganur and Gurramkonda were lost to the Marathas. Gribble (1875) and the first volume of the North Arcot manual give 1755. The second volume of the North Arcot manual gives 1757, the year in which Grant Duff and the Cuddapah gazetteer place the battle near Kadapa.^{1112618104105}
• Shahji and Kolar. Gribble dates the Maratha seizure of the Punganur family’s jagirs to about 1612. The North Arcot manual dates Bijapur’s capture of Kolar to 1639.¹⁹¹⁷
• Who led the raid of 1754. The Vizagapatam gazetteer says the Dutch factory at Bheemunipatnam was burnt in 1754 “by the Marathas under Ragoji Bhonsla”. Grant Duff dates Raghoji Bhonsle’s death to March 1753.⁹⁶¹²⁷
• Kharda. Grant Duff describes the battle as a Maratha victory in which “scarcely two hundred men” were lost. Gribble’s Cuddapah manual says the Nizam won the battle and lost the war by retreating.¹⁰¹⁹⁴

Footnotes

1. Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Vol. I (1826), p. 271 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

2. Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Vol. II (1826), p. 102 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

3. W. Francis, Madras District Gazetteers: Anantapur (1905), p. 22 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷

4. Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Vol. I (1826), p. 284 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

5. W. Francis, Madras District Gazetteers: Bellary (1904), p. 44 and note (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

6. Sarkar, Shivaji and his Times (1920), pp. 447, 449 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

7. Patwardhan and Rawlinson, Source Book of Maratha History (1928), p. 164, translating Sabhasad (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

8. Patwardhan and Rawlinson, Source Book of Maratha History (1928), p. 48, translating the Jedhe chronology (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

9. Narahari Gopalakristnamah Chetty, A Manual of the Kurnool District (1886), p. 29 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷ ↩⁸ ↩⁹ ↩¹⁰ ↩¹¹

10. C. F. Brackenbury, Madras District Gazetteers: Cuddapah, Vol. I (1915), p. 41 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶

11. Gribble, Cuddapah (1875), p. 90 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

12. W. Francis, Madras District Gazetteers: Vizagapatam, Vol. I (1907), p. 31 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷

13. Jadunath Sarkar, Shivaji and his Times (2nd ed., 1920), p. 19 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

14. James Grant Duff, A History of the Mahrattas, Vol. I (1826), p. 121 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

15. R. P. Patwardhan and H. G. Rawlinson (eds.), Source Book of Maratha History (1928), p. 12 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

16. Patwardhan and Rawlinson, Source Book of Maratha History (1928), p. 13, translating the Shiva-Bharat (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

17. Arthur F. Cox, rev. Harold A. Stuart, Madras District Manuals: North Arcot, Vol. II (1894), p. 407 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

18. Cox and Stuart, North Arcot, Vol. II (1894), p. 408 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶

19. J. D. B. Gribble, A Manual of the District of Cuddapah (1875), p. 89 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

20. Sarkar, Shivaji and his Times (1920), p. 329 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

21. Patwardhan and Rawlinson, Source Book of Maratha History (1928), p. 165, translating Sabhasad (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷ ↩⁸

22. Sarkar, Shivaji and his Times (1920), p. 330 and note (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶

23. Sarkar, Shivaji and his Times (1920), pp. 331–333 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

24. Patwardhan and Rawlinson, Source Book of Maratha History (1928), p. 166, translating Sabhasad (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

25. Sarkar, Shivaji and his Times (1920), p. 334 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

26. Sarkar, Shivaji and his Times (1920), p. 335 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

27. Sarkar, Shivaji and his Times (1920), pp. 336–337 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

28. Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Vol. I (1826), p. 277 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

29. Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Vol. I (1826), p. 278 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷

30. Jadunath Sarkar, History of Aurangzib, Vol. IV (2nd ed., 1930), pp. 400–401 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

31. Patwardhan and Rawlinson, Source Book of Maratha History (1928), p. 170, Shivaji’s letter to Vyankoji (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

32. Sarkar, Shivaji and his Times (1920), p. 337 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶

33. Sarkar, Shivaji and his Times (1920), p. 338 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

34. Sarkar, Shivaji and his Times (1920), p. 339 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

35. Patwardhan and Rawlinson, Source Book of Maratha History (1928), p. 167, translating Sabhasad (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

36. Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Vol. I (1826), p. 279 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

37. Sarkar, Shivaji and his Times (1920), pp. 341–342 and note (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

38. Gribble, Cuddapah (1875), p. 92 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

39. Gribble, Cuddapah (1875), p. 93 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

40. Sarkar, Shivaji and his Times (1920), pp. 345–346 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

41. Sarkar, Shivaji and his Times (1920), p. 348 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

42. Sarkar, Shivaji and his Times (1920), pp. 360–361 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

43. Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Vol. I (1826), p. 283 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

44. Francis, Bellary (1904), p. 216 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

45. Francis, Bellary (1904), p. 217 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

46. Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Vol. I (1826), p. 286 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

47. Sarkar, Shivaji and his Times (1920), p. 358 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

48. Sarkar, Shivaji and his Times (1920), p. 359 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

49. Sarkar, Shivaji and his Times (1920), p. 363 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

50. Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Vol. I (1826), p. 293 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

51. Sarkar, Shivaji and his Times (1920), p. 383 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

52. Khafi Khan, in Elliot and Dowson, History of India, Vol. VII (1877), p. 325 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

53. Francis, Bellary (1904), p. 45 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

54. Jadunath Sarkar, History of Aurangzib, Vol. V (1924), pp. 61–62 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

55. Sarkar, History of Aurangzib, Vol. V (1924), p. 68 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

56. Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Vol. I (1826), pp. 445–446 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

57. Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Vol. I (1826), p. 450 and notes (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

58. Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Vol. I (1826), p. 451 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

59. J. D. B. Gribble, A History of the Deccan, Vol. I (1896), p. 360 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

60. Khafi Khan, in Elliot and Dowson, History of India, Vol. VII (1877), pp. 526–527 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

61. Gribble, History of the Deccan, Vol. I (1896), p. 376 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

62. Imperial Gazetteer of India, Provincial Series: Hyderabad State (1909), p. 15 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

63. Imperial Gazetteer: Hyderabad State (1909), p. 17 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶

64. Aitchison, Treaties, Vol. IX (1909), p. 7 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

65. Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Vol. I (1826), p. 500 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

66. Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Vol. I (1826), p. 501 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

67. Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Vol. I (1826), pp. 502–503 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

68. Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Vol. II (1826), p. 2 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

69. Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Vol. II (1826), p. 3 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

70. Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Vol. II (1826), p. 5 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

71. Chetty, Kurnool District (1886), p. 31 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

72. Brackenbury, Cuddapah (1915), p. 42 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

73. Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Vol. II (1826), p. 22 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

74. Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Vol. II (1826), p. 93 and note (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

75. Gordon Mackenzie, A Manual of the Kistna District (1883), p. 47 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

76. Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Vol. II (1826), p. 123 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

77. Gribble and Pendlebury, History of the Deccan, Vol. II (1924), p. 82 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

78. Imperial Gazetteer: Hyderabad State (1909), p. 289 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

79. Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Vol. II (1826), p. 124 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

80. Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Vol. II (1826), p. 125 and note (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

81. Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Vol. II (1826), p. 172 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

82. Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Vol. II (1826), p. 173 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

83. J. D. B. Gribble and Mary Pendlebury, A History of the Deccan, Vol. II (1924), p. 83 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

84. Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Vol. II (1826), p. 174 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

85. Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Vol. II (1826), p. 175 and note (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

86. Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Vol. III (1826), p. 110 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

87. Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Vol. III (1826), p. 111 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

88. C. U. Aitchison, A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads, Vol. IX (4th ed., 1909), p. 4 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

89. Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Vol. III (1826), p. 113 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

90. Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Vol. III (1826), p. 114 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

91. Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Vol. III (1826), p. 115 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

92. Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Vol. III (1826), p. 116 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

93. Chetty, Kurnool District (1886), p. 37 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

94. Gribble, Cuddapah (1875), p. 102 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

95. Gribble and Pendlebury, History of the Deccan, Vol. II (1924), p. 81 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

96. Francis, Vizagapatam (1907), p. 226 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷

97. Henry Morris, A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Godavery District (1878), p. 227 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

98. Mackenzie, Kistna District (1883), p. 50 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

99. Gribble and Pendlebury, History of the Deccan, Vol. II (1924), p. 84 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

100. Imperial Gazetteer: Hyderabad State (1909), p. 186 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

101. Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Vol. III (1826), p. 117 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

102. Aitchison, Treaties, Vol. IX (1909), p. 6 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

103. Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Vol. II (1826), p. 103 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

104. Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Vol. II (1826), p. 104 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

105. Brackenbury, Cuddapah (1915), p. 44 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

106. Wilks, Historical Sketches, Vol. II (1817), p. 11 and note (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

107. Mark Wilks, Historical Sketches of the South of India, Vol. I (1810), pp. 445–446 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

108. Wilks, Historical Sketches, Vol. II (1817), p. 10 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

109. Gribble, Cuddapah (1875), p. 96 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

110. Wilks, Historical Sketches, Vol. II (1817), p. 137 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

111. Wilks, Historical Sketches, Vol. II (1817), p. 138 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

112. Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Vol. II (1826), p. 217 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

113. Wilks, Historical Sketches, Vol. II (1817), p. 159 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

114. Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Vol. II (1826), p. 268 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

115. Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Vol. III (1826), p. 12 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

116. Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Vol. III (1826), p. 13 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

117. Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Vol. III (1826), p. 17 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

118. Francis, Anantapur (1905), p. 23 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

119. Gribble, Cuddapah (1875), p. 101 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

120. Aitchison, Treaties, Vol. IX (1909), p. 5 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

121. Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Vol. III (1826), contents to ch. X and XII, pp. xiii–xiv (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

122. Imperial Gazetteer: Hyderabad State (1909), p. 16 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

123. Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Vol. I (1826), p. 566 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

124. P. Chenchiah and Raja M. Bhujanga Rao, A History of Telugu Literature (1928), p. 92 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

125. Chenchiah and Bhujanga Rao, History of Telugu Literature (1928), p. 104 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

126. Cox and Stuart, North Arcot, Vol. I (1895), p. 177 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

127. Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Vol. II (1826), p. 74 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩