Study guides
Mughals, Asaf Jahis & the British
1687–1948 CE
This guide organises pages on this site; every fact is on the linked pages with its sources.
In brief
The Mughal conquest of Golconda in 1687 brought the whole Telugu country under one ruler, the emperor Aurangzeb. From 1724 his viceroy in the Deccan, Asaf Jah, ruled from Hyderabad as an independent prince, the first of the Nizams. Between 1766 and 1800 the Nizams handed the coastal Circars and Rayalaseema's Ceded Districts to the East India Company. Telangana stayed in Hyderabad State, so the Telugu lands were split between British India and the Nizam's state.
Key dates
Each date links to the page it comes from. "About" and "or" are kept where the page gives them.
| When | What happened |
|---|---|
| 1687 | The fall of Golconda brings the whole Telugu country under one ruler, the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, for the first time since the Kakatiyas. Mughals, Asaf Jahis & the British |
| 1724, or 1723 | Asaf Jah, Nizam-ul-Mulk, defeats and kills Mubariz Khan at Shakarkhelda and makes Hyderabad his capital. The Imperial Gazetteer gives 1724, and Gribble and the Anantapur gazetteer 1723. Mughals, Asaf Jahis & the British |
| 1748 | Asaf Jah dies, and his son and grandson fight over the succession with French and English help. Mughals, Asaf Jahis & the British |
| 1753 | The French, who had received Machilipatnam in 1750, now receive the Northern Circars. Their commander Bussy makes Rajahmundry his base. Mughals, Asaf Jahis & the British |
| 9 December 1758 | Colonel Forde, sent by Clive from Bengal, routs the French near Condore (Chandurti), near Pithapuram. Francis Forde |
| 1759 | Forde captures Machilipatnam by assault, and Salabat Jang hands over the surrounding territory. Mughals, Asaf Jahis & the British |
| August 1765 | The East India Company obtains a grant (farman) of the five Circars from the Mughal emperor Shah Alam. Mughals, Asaf Jahis & the British |
| 12 November 1766 | By treaty, Nizam Ali Khan hands the Circars to the Company, which promises troops for his service and a yearly payment. Mughals, Asaf Jahis & the British |
| 1788 | Guntur, held for life by the Nizam's brother Basalat Jang, comes under British administration. Mughals, Asaf Jahis & the British |
| 1 September 1798 | The treaty of Hyderabad disbands the French troops in the Nizam's service and makes the British subsidiary force permanent. Mughals, Asaf Jahis & the British |
| 12 October 1800 | The Nizam cedes his lands from Tipu Sultan to pay for a larger force. They become the Ceded Districts, with Thomas Munro as first Principal Collector. Mughals, Asaf Jahis & the British |
| 1800–1807 | The British Residency is built at Hyderabad, and British troops are housed at the new cantonment of Secunderabad. Mughals, Asaf Jahis & the British |
| 1801–02 | Munro introduces the ryotwari settlement, a direct agreement with each cultivator, in the Ceded Districts. Sir Thomas Munro |
| 1839 | The British annex Kurnool after its Nawab rebels. Mughals, Asaf Jahis & the British |
| 1847 | Work begins on Arthur Cotton's dam across the Godavari. By 1903–04 it watered 662,000 acres. Mughals, Asaf Jahis & the British |
| 17 July 1857 | A band of Rohillas led by Turrebaz Khan and Maulvi Allauddin attacks the Residency, and the attack fails by morning. Mughals, Asaf Jahis & the British |
| 1874 | The Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway opens from Secunderabad to Wadi, on the line from Bombay. Mughals, Asaf Jahis & the British |
| 1883 | Salar Jang, who reorganised Hyderabad's administration on the British model as regent, dies. Mughals, Asaf Jahis & the British |
| 1918 | The Nizam founds Osmania University, which teaches through Urdu. Mughals, Asaf Jahis & the British |
Main points
From the era page: Mughals, Asaf Jahis & the British
- The fall of Golconda in 1687 brought the whole Telugu country under one ruler, Aurangzeb. Within a century it was split between British India and the Nizams' Hyderabad State.
- Asaf Jah, Nizam-ul-Mulk, defeated and killed Mubariz Khan at Shakarkhelda and made Hyderabad his capital. The Imperial Gazetteer dates this to 1724, but Gribble and the Anantapur gazetteer give 1723.
- The French received the Northern Circars in 1753. By a treaty of 12 November 1766 Nizam Ali Khan handed them to the East India Company, which had obtained a farman (grant) for them from Shah Alam in 1765.
- In 1800 the Nizam ceded to the Company the lands he had received from Tipu Sultan, to pay for a British subsidiary force. They became the Ceded Districts, with Thomas Munro as first Principal Collector.
- Telangana remained in Hyderabad State. A subsidiary alliance tied the state to the British, whose Resident was based at Hyderabad. Salar Jang, serving as regent, reorganised the administration on the British model until his death in 1883.
- In the coastal districts, Arthur Cotton's dam across the Godavari was built from 1847. By 1903–04 it watered 662,000 acres.
From other pages of the period
- The coast was lost early. The Northern Circars went to the French in 1753 and to the English in 1766. The Rayalaseema districts were ceded to the East India Company in 1800 to pay for a British subsidiary force. Asaf Jahis (Nizams of Hyderabad)
- Telugu speakers were the largest group in the state. Much of its Telugu south was held by tributary samasthans such as Gadwal, Wanaparthy, Jatprole, Amarchinta and Palvancha. Asaf Jahis (Nizams of Hyderabad)
- Bussy settled the Circars in 1754. He doubled the assessment in Chicacole and Rajahmundry, bound the zamindars to keep 12,000 militia, and made the Raja of Vizianagaram the chief of them. French East India Company
- Chiefs and Councils at Masulipatam and Vizagapatam governed the Circars through the zamindars until 1794. A Committee of Circuit reported on them in 1786–87, and Collectors then replaced the Chiefs. East India Company
- He reduced or drove out the poligars (local military chiefs) who refused to pay tribute. In 1801–02 he introduced the ryotwari settlement, a direct agreement with each cultivator. Sir Thomas Munro
- He took over a state whose troops were years behind in pay, and whose Arab commanders held almost half the revenues. In 1857 he kept the Nizam loyal to the British. He replaced the revenue farmers with salaried revenue officers. Salar Jung I (Mir Turab Ali Khan)
- Work began in April 1847, and the dam across the four branches of the river was about 4,000 yards long. The last gap was closed on 23 April 1850, and the work was finally completed by 31 March 1852. Dowleswaram anicut
- His messengers copied about seven thousand inscriptions in the villages between Thanjavur and Nagpur. His chief assistant was the young Telugu Brahmin Kavali Venkata Borayya. Colin Mackenzie
- In 1824, at Machilipatnam, he began collecting the verses of Vemana. He compared nine manuscripts and printed the verses with an English translation in 1829. C. P. Brown
- Osmania University is the university of Hyderabad, founded by the seventh Nizam, Mir Osman Ali Khan, in 1917–18. The census of 1931 calls it the first attempt in India to teach through an Indian language, Urdu. English was a compulsory second language. Osmania University
Key terms
- subahdar సుబేదారు
- governor
- nawab నవాబు
- governor
- faujdar ఫౌజ్దారు
- military governor
- diwan దివాన్
- minister; also revenue officer
- zamindar జమీందారు
- landholder
- jagir జాగీర్
- land grant; also assignment of land revenue
- jagirdar జాగీర్దారు
- holder of a land grant
- poligar పాలెగాడు
- local chief
- peshkash పేష్కష్
- yearly tribute; also permanent assessment
- inam ఇనాం
- rent-free lands
- samasthan సంస్థానం
- tributary estate
- talukdar తాలూక్దారు
- district officer
- circar సర్కార్
- district; also province
- farman ఫర్మానా
- royal order
- chauth చౌత్
- a quarter of the revenue
- subsidiary force సబ్సిడియరీ సైన్యం
- troops paid for by him (the ruler)
- Resident రెసిడెంట్
- the British envoy at the Nizam's court
- cantonment కంటోన్మెంట్
- army station
- factory ఫ్యాక్టరీ
- trading post
- jamadar జమాదారు
- captain of a band of armed retainers; also commander
- Rohillas రోహిల్లాలు
- soldiers of Afghan descent
- ryot రైతు
- farmer
- Fasli ఫస్లీ
- revenue year
People, places, monuments and inscriptions to know
Dynasties
- Mughals in the Telugu country
- Asaf Jahis (Nizams of Hyderabad)
- Marathas and the Telugu country
- French East India Company
- East India Company
- Mysore under Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan
- Nawabs of Kurnool
- British Crown (Madras Presidency)
People
- Aurangzeb (Alamgir)
- Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah I (Mir Qamar-ud-din)
- Charles de Bussy
- Francis Forde
- Nizam Ali Khan (Asaf Jah II)
- Tipu Sultan
- Sir Thomas Munro
- Salar Jung I (Mir Turab Ali Khan)
- Mir Mahbub Ali Khan (Asaf Jah VI)
- Turrebaz Khan
- Sir Arthur Cotton
- C. P. Brown
- Colin Mackenzie
Places
Monuments
Maps and the timeline
- The Mughal Deccan in the Telugu country (1687–1724)
- The Nizam's Dominions (1724–1948)
- The French in the Northern Circars (1750–1759)
- The East India Company in the Telugu country (1759–1858)
- Mysore and the Telugu country (1762–1800)
- The Nawabs in the Telugu country (c. 1714–1801)
- The Marathas and the Telugu country (1677–1818)
- The Telugu districts of the Madras Presidency (1858–1947)
- The districts of the Nizam's Dominions (1931)
- Godavari delta works
Swipe sideways to see the whole chart; tap a bar for details.
Each bar is a ruling power in its region; time runs left to right. Dashed = approximate dates. Select a bar for details.
Show as a list
Vijayanagara & the Qutb Shahis 1336–1687 CE
- Telangana
- Adil Shahis of Bijapur (c. 1489–1686 CE) · Qutb Shahis of Golconda (c. 1518–1687 CE)
- Coastal Andhra
- Qutb Shahis of Golconda (c. 1524–1687 CE)
- Rayalaseema
- Vijayanagara Empire (c. 1336–1646 CE) · Marathas (c. 1677–1687 CE) · Adil Shahis of Bijapur (c. 1568–1686 CE) · Qutb Shahis of Golconda (c. 1579–1687 CE) · Mughal Empire (c. 1686–1724 CE)
Mughals, Asaf Jahis & the British 1687–1948 CE
- Telangana
- Asaf Jahi Nizams of Hyderabad (1724–1948 CE) · British Crown (Madras Presidency) (1860–1947 CE) · Mughal Empire (1687–1724 CE)
- Coastal Andhra
- Nawabs of the Carnatic (Arcot) (c. 1710–1801 CE) · French East India Company (1817–1954 CE) · Mughal Empire (1687–1724 CE) · British Crown (Madras Presidency) (1858–1947 CE) · Asaf Jahi Nizams of Hyderabad (1724–1753 CE) · East India Company (1759–1858 CE) · Madras State (1947–1953 CE)
- Rayalaseema
- Nawabs of Kurnool (c. 1690–1839 CE) · British Crown (Madras Presidency) (1858–1947 CE) · Nawabs of the Carnatic (Arcot) (c. 1710–1801 CE) · Madras State (1947–1953 CE) · Nawabs of Cuddapah (c. 1714–1779 CE) · East India Company (1792–1858 CE) · Mughal Empire (c. 1686–1724 CE) · Morari Rao Ghorpade of Gooty (c. 1741–1776 CE) · Banganapalle State (c. 1724–1948 CE) · Asaf Jahi Nizams of Hyderabad (c. 1724–1800 CE) · Marathas (c. 1743–1774 CE) · Mysore under Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan (c. 1762–1799 CE)
- Movements
- Godavari hill risings (1858–1862 CE) · Vandemataram and Swadeshi (1905–1911 CE) · Non-cooperation (1920–1922 CE) · Salt satyagraha (1930 CE) · Hyderabad State Congress satyagraha (1938–1946 CE) · Andhra movement (c. 1911–1953 CE) · Andhra Jana Sangham and Andhra Mahasabha (1921–1946 CE) · Rampa rebellion (Alluri Sitarama Raju) (1922–1924 CE) · Quit India (1942 CE) · Telangana armed struggle (1946–1951 CE)
Reform, freedom & people's movements 1850–1956 CE
- Telangana
- Asaf Jahi Nizams of Hyderabad (1724–1948 CE) · British Crown (Madras Presidency) (1860–1947 CE) · Hyderabad State (Indian Union) (1948–1956 CE)
- Coastal Andhra
- French East India Company (1817–1954 CE) · British Crown (Madras Presidency) (1858–1947 CE) · Andhra State (1953–1956 CE) · East India Company (1759–1858 CE) · Madras State (1947–1953 CE)
- Rayalaseema
- British Crown (Madras Presidency) (1858–1947 CE) · Andhra State (1953–1956 CE) · Madras State (1947–1953 CE) · East India Company (1792–1858 CE) · Banganapalle State (c. 1724–1948 CE)
- Movements
- Godavari hill risings (1858–1862 CE) · Vandemataram and Swadeshi (1905–1911 CE) · Non-cooperation (1920–1922 CE) · Salt satyagraha (1930 CE) · Hyderabad State Congress satyagraha (1938–1946 CE) · Andhra movement (c. 1911–1953 CE) · Andhra Jana Sangham and Andhra Mahasabha (1921–1946 CE) · Rampa rebellion (Alluri Sitarama Raju) (1922–1924 CE) · Quit India (1942 CE) · Telangana armed struggle (1946–1951 CE)
Andhra State & Andhra Pradesh 1953–2014 CE
- Telangana
- Andhra Pradesh (united) (1956–2014 CE) · Hyderabad State (Indian Union) (1948–1956 CE)
- Coastal Andhra
- French East India Company (1817–1954 CE) · Andhra Pradesh (united) (1956–2014 CE) · Andhra State (1953–1956 CE)
- Rayalaseema
- Andhra State (1953–1956 CE) · Andhra Pradesh (united) (1956–2014 CE)
- Movements
- Telangana movement (c. 1969–1973 CE) · Jai Andhra movement (c. 1972–1973 CE)
Sultanates
Adil Shahis of Bijapur
Open page- Telangana: c. 1489–1686 CE (c. 197 years)
After the Bahmani break-up part of Mahbubnagar district went to Bijapur (the rest to Golconda) and stayed with it until Aurangzeb annexed Bijapur in 1686; the Raichur district article likewise passes Raichur (which then included the Alampur taluk and Gadwal) from the Bahmanis to the Adil Shahis.
- Rayalaseema: c. 1568–1686 CE (c. 118 years)
Partial, the western uplands only. Adoni taken by Ali Adil Shah's general Ankus Khan in 1568 after a failed siege in 1535-37; Penukonda besieged in the 1570s (dates disputed) and taken in 1652 (Mackenzie MS); Kurnool taken from Gopala Raja early in the 17th century and governed by Abdul Wahab (d. 1618) and later deputies, Siddi Jauhar holding it as his jagir about 1660; the Bellary and Anantapur uplands held through governors and tributary poligars; Bijapur's rights there passed to Shivaji in 1677-80 (Francis); Bijapur fell to Aurangzeb on 12 September 1686, but Siddi Masud held Adoni until 1688 (Sarkar) or 1687 (Bellary gazetteer)
Rulers (9)
Capitals
Monuments
Sources (11)
Kingdoms and empires
Asaf Jahi Nizams of Hyderabad
Open page- Telangana: 1724–1948 CE (224 years)
Asaf Jah, viceroy of the Deccan from 1713, independent after defeating Mubariz Khan at Shakar Kheda (11 October 1724 in Irvine; 1723 in Gribble); Telangana remained the Telugu heart of the Nizam's Dominions, with the samasthans of Gadwal, Wanaparthy, Jatprole, Amarchinta and Palvancha as tributary estates. Regular districts were formed in 1865-66 and the Telugu divisions surveyed and settled by 1905; the districts were redrawn in 1905 and an Executive Council governed from November 1919. The Standstill Agreement with India was signed on 29 November 1947. Indian troops entered the state on 13 September 1948 (the Police Action); the Nizam ordered a ceasefire on 17 September, and a military governor took charge on 18 September
- Coastal Andhra: 1724–1753 CE (29 years)
The Nizam's governor at Rajahmundry collected the tribute of the coastal zamindars; Masulipatam granted to the French by Muzaffar Jang in 1750 and the lands of Nizampatnam and Kondavid by Salabat Jang in 1751; the four Circars of Mustafanagar, Ellore, Rajahmundry and Chicacole assigned to the French on 4 December 1753 to pay Bussy's army
- Rayalaseema: c. 1724–1800 CE (c. 76 years)
Nominal over much of the region (Kurnool and Cuddapah Nawabs, Maratha tribute, Morari Rao at Gooty, Haidar Ali from 1761); the Nizam gained Tipu Sultan's districts by the treaties of 1792 and 1799 and ceded them to the Company by the treaty of 12 October 1800 to pay the subsidiary force (the Ceded Districts)
- Coastal Andhra: 1759–1788 CE (29 years)
Guntur (Murtazanagar) stayed with the Nizam's brother Basalat Jang after the French were driven out; it was excluded from the cessions of 1766 and 1768, rented by the Company in 1779 and restored, and handed over to the Company only in 1788; the Nizam's claims to the Circars' payments were bought out in 1823
Rulers (10)
Capitals
Monuments (11)
Inscriptions
Sources (16)
Indian states (1947 onward)
Andhra Pradesh (united)
Open page- Telangana: 1956–2014 CE (58 years)
Formed on 1 November 1956; divided into Telangana and Andhra Pradesh in 2014
- Coastal Andhra: 1956–2014 CE (58 years)
Formed on 1 November 1956; divided into Telangana and Andhra Pradesh in 2014
- Rayalaseema: 1956–2014 CE (58 years)
Formed on 1 November 1956; divided into Telangana and Andhra Pradesh in 2014
Sources (4)
Sultanates
Qutb Shahis of Golconda
Open page- Telangana: c. 1518–1687 CE (c. 169 years)
Sultan Quli governed Telingana for the Bahmanis from 1493-95 and declared independence in 1512 (Ferishta, Haig, IG Hyderabad) or 1518 (Bilgrami, from the Golconda mosque inscription of AH 924); he took the forts of the Telugu chiefs, among them Rachakonda, Devarakonda and, from Shitab Khan, Warangal and Khammam (1519-1525 per Bilgrami). Tributary to the Mughals from 1635-36 (khutba and coins in Shah Jahan's name; two lakhs of huns a year). Hyderabad taken by the Mughals in 1656 and 1685; Golconda surrendered on 21 September 1687 (Old Style) and was annexed
- Coastal Andhra: c. 1524–1687 CE (c. 163 years)
Sultan Quli took Kondapalli and fixed the Godavari as his frontier with Orissa (Ellore ceded) some time before his 1530 campaign, and a 1524 record shows him granting villages near Kondapalli and Bezwada; the Godavari gazetteer and IG Madras date the Krishna-Godavari doab to c. 1540 or 'before 1543', and the IG Madras Kistna article to after 1565.
- Rayalaseema: c. 1579–1687 CE (c. 108 years)
Partial; the sources disagree on when Golconda's hold began. IG Madras says Kurnool and Cuddapah were overrun soon after 1565. The Kurnool Manual dates the campaigns that took Gurramkonda (1579) and Gandikota, Nandyal and Musalimadugu (c. 1590). The Cuddapah gazetteer says Golconda only turned to Cuddapah in the early 17th century and never really conquered it. Chandragiri fell to Golconda in 1646.
Rulers (8)
Capitals
Monuments (13)
Inscriptions (7)
- Epitaph of Sultan Quli, Golconda (1543)
- Makka Darwaza inscription, Golconda (1559)
- Jami Masjid inscription, Hyderabad
- Epitaph of Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, Golconda (1612)
- Ma Saheba tank inscriptions (1625)
- Musa Burj inscription, Golconda fort (1666–67)
… and 1 more
Sources (23)
Colonial powers
British Crown (Madras Presidency)
Open page- Coastal Andhra: 1858–1947 CE (89 years)
The East India Company's government passed to the Crown by Act of Parliament of 2 August 1858 (Maclean); the Queen's proclamation is dated 4 November (Maclean) and the transfer of the Company's territories 1 November 1858 (Sewell). Ruled through the Governor in Council at Madras, the Board of Revenue and district Collectors. Godavari and Kistna were formed in December 1859, Guntur in 1904 and West Godavari, from the old Kistna, in 1925; the hill tracts of Vizagapatam and Godavari were governed as Agencies under special laws (1839, 1879). Ended with independence in 1947
- Rayalaseema: 1858–1947 CE (89 years)
The Ceded Districts and the Carnatic districts passed to the Crown with the rest of the Company's territories in 1858. Kurnool was made a full Collectorate in 1858, Anantapur was separated from Bellary in 1882 and Chittoor was formed on 1 April 1911; the state of Banganapalle stayed under the Madras Government until the 1920s, when it was placed under an Agent to the Governor-General. Ended with independence in 1947
- Telangana: 1860–1947 CE (87 years)
Partial (the Bhadrachalam and Rekapalli taluks only): ceded by the Nizam by the treaty of 26 December 1860; administered until 1874 as part of the Upper Godavari district of the Central Provinces, then transferred to the Godavari district of Madras and made part of the Godavari Agency in 1879
Rulers (22)
- Lord Harris (1854–1859 CE)
- Sir Charles Trevelyan (1859–1860 CE)
- Sir Henry Ward (1860 CE)
- Sir William Denison (1861–1866 CE)
- Lord Napier (Madras) (1866–1872 CE)
- Lord Hobart (1872–1875 CE)
… and 16 more
- Duke of Buckingham and Chandos (1875–1880 CE)
- W. P. Adam (1880–1881 CE)
- Sir Mountstuart Grant Duff (1881–1886 CE)
- Robert Bourke (Lord Connemara) (1886–1890 CE)
- Lord Wenlock (1891–1896 CE)
- Sir Arthur Havelock (1896–1900 CE)
- Lord Ampthill (1900–1906 CE)
- Sir Arthur Lawley (1906–1911 CE)
- Sir Thomas Gibson-Carmichael (1911–1912 CE)
- Lord Pentland (1912–1919 CE)
- Lord Willingdon (1919–1924 CE)
- Viscount Goschen (1924–1929 CE)
- Sir George Stanley (1929–1934 CE)
- Lord Erskine (1934–1940 CE)
- Sir Arthur Hope (1940–1946 CE)
- Sir Archibald Nye (1946–1947 CE)
Sources (11)
Indian states (1947 onward)
Telangana
Open page- Telangana: 2014–present (since 2014)
State of Telangana from 2014
Sources (1)
Kingdoms and empires
Mughal Empire
Open page- Rayalaseema: c. 1686–1724 CE (c. 38 years)
Kurnool passed to the emperor with the Bijapur provinces in 1686 and was later the jagir of Daud Khan Panni and his brother; Adoni (renamed Imtiyazgarh, a Mughal mint) surrendered by Masaud Khan; the uplands of the Haidarabadi Karnatak (Cuddapah, Gandikota, Gooty, Sidhout) came with Golconda in 1687; Anantapur added to the subah of Bijapur; poligars largely independent (Cuddapah gazetteer); Francis dates the Nizam's independence to 1723
- Telangana: 1687–1724 CE (37 years)
Golconda taken on 21 September 1687 and the kingdom annexed as the subah of Haidarabad, governed from Hyderabad by subahdars (Mahabat Khan, Ruhullah Khan, Jan Sipar Khan, Rustam Dil Khan, Yusuf Khan, Mubariz Khan); Kam Bakhsh held Hyderabad as a rival emperor in 1708 until his defeat on 13 January 1709; Mubariz Khan was killed by Nizam-ul-Mulk at Shakar Kheda in October 1724
- Coastal Andhra: 1687–1724 CE (37 years)
Kondapalli gained by bribery in July 1687; Guntur (Murtazanagar), Kondapalli (Mustafanagar), Ellore, Rajahmundry and Chicacole formed the Northern Circars, with Masulipatam as their chief town and a Mughal mint; the Qutb Shahi assessment of 1635 was kept on Aurangzeb's records (Grant)
Rulers
Inscriptions
Sources (14)
Indian states (1947 onward)
Hyderabad State (Indian Union)
Open page- Telangana: 1948–1956 CE (8 years)
Under Indian administration after the Police Action of September 1948: governed by a Military Governor, and from 1 December 1949 by a civil Chief Minister. It became a Part B State of the Indian Union when the Constitution came into force on 26 January 1950, with the Nizam as Rajpramukh; the first elected ministry took office after the elections of March 1952. Trifurcated on 1 November 1956, when its Telangana districts joined Andhra Pradesh
Sources (6)
Kingdoms and empires
Nawabs of the Carnatic (Arcot)
Open page- Coastal Andhra: c. 1710–1801 CE (c. 91 years)
Partial (Nellore and Ongole, the Palnad, the jagir of Udayagiri and the tributary zamindaris of Venkatagiri and Kalahasti). Saadatullah Khan became Nawab of the Carnatic, the coast from Guntur to the Coleroon, in 1710 (Orme) or 1713 (Wilks), and his fauzdar governed Nellore; he granted the Udayagiri jagir in 1720. Under Muhammad Ali Walajah (1749-95) his brother Najib-ullah held Nellore, rebelled in 1757 and was dislodged by an English force in 1762. The revenues were assigned to the Company in 1781-85 and managed by it in 1790-92; by the treaty of 31 July 1801 Azim-ud-daula handed over the government of the Carnatic, and Nellore, Ongole and the Palnad became British
- Rayalaseema: c. 1710–1801 CE (c. 91 years)
Partial (Chittoor taluks). The Nawabs at Arcot, first as deputies under the Nizam, took tribute from the Chittoor and Chendragiri poligars and the Kalahasti and Karvetnagar zamindars; Muhammad Ali gave Chittoor and Chendragiri to his brother Abdul Wahab as a jagir, and the Carnatic was handed to the Company on 31 July 1801.
Rulers
Capitals
Sources (11)
Colonial powers
French East India Company
Open page- Coastal Andhra: 1750–1759 CE (9 years)
Partial at first (Masulipatam and the island of Divi, seized in July 1750 under Muzaffar Jang's grant; Nizampatnam, Narsapur and Kondavid added by Salabat Jang in 1751-52); from December 1753 the four Northern Circars of Mustafanagar (Kondapalli), Ellore, Rajahmundry and Chicacole, granted for the pay of Bussy's army and settled by Bussy in person from July 1754. Forde routed the French at Condore (Chandurti) on 9 December 1758 and stormed Masulipatam on 7-8 April 1759; by the treaty of May 1759 Salabat Jang ceded the Masulipatam country to the English and excluded the French from the Deccan
- Coastal Andhra: c. 1765–1793 CE (c. 28 years)
Partial (Yanam only): the French factory town on the Godavari, ceded to them in 1752, reoccupied after the peace of 1763 (the restored possessions 'were not occupied before 1765'); the French possessions were also in English hands in 1778-83
- Coastal Andhra: 1817–1954 CE (137 years)
Partial (Yanam only): occupied by the English from 1793 (except 1802-03) and handed back in 1817 under the treaties of 1814-15; about 2,258 acres. The Government of India took over the French Establishments, Yanam among them, from 1 November 1954 after the agreement with France of 21 October 1954
Rulers
Capitals
Sources (10)
Indian states (1947 onward)
Andhra State
Open page- Coastal Andhra: 1953–1956 CE (3 years)
Formed on 1 October 1953 from the Telugu districts of Madras State, with its capital at Kurnool; merged into Andhra Pradesh on 1 November 1956
- Rayalaseema: 1953–1956 CE (3 years)
Formed on 1 October 1953 from the Telugu districts of Madras State, with its capital at Kurnool; merged into Andhra Pradesh on 1 November 1956
Sources (7)
Indian states (1947 onward)
Andhra Pradesh
Open page- Coastal Andhra: 2014–present (since 2014)
Residuary state of Andhra Pradesh from 2014
- Rayalaseema: 2014–present (since 2014)
Residuary state of Andhra Pradesh from 2014
Sources (1)
Colonial powers
East India Company
Open page- Coastal Andhra: 1759–1858 CE (99 years)
Partial at first: the Masulipatam and Nizampatam Circars ceded by Salabat Jang on 14 May 1759 after Forde's defeat of the French. The emperor Shah Alam granted the five Northern Circars on 12 August 1765; by the treaties of 12 November 1766 and 23 February 1768 the Nizam ceded Kondapalli, Ellore, Rajahmundry and Chicacole for a yearly payment (capitalised in 1823), Guntur following in September 1788. Governed through renters until 1769, Chiefs and Councils at Masulipatam and Vizagapatam until 1794, then Collectors; the zamindaris were permanently settled in 1802-03. Nellore, Ongole and the Palnad came with the Carnatic from the Nawab of Arcot on 31 July 1801. Transferred to the Crown in 1858
- Rayalaseema: 1792–1858 CE (66 years)
Partial at first: Kangundi came to the Company with the Baramahal in 1792, when it also began collecting the Kalahasti and Karvetnagar tribute for the Nawab; Punganur and Venkatagirikota (Palmaner) followed from Tipu's lands in 1799. On 12 October 1800 the Nizam ceded the territories he had gained from Mysore in 1792 and 1799, the Ceded Districts of Bellary (with Anantapur) and Cuddapah, with the tribute of the Nawab of Kurnool; Thomas Munro, Principal Collector 1800-1807, reduced the poligars and made the ryotwari settlement. The Nawab of Arcot's Chittoor and Chendragiri country came with the Carnatic in 1801, and the Kurnool Nawab's jagir was annexed in 1839. Transferred to the Crown in 1858
Rulers (23)
- George Pigot (1755–1763 CE)
- Robert Palk (1763–1767 CE)
- Charles Bourchier (1767–1770 CE)
- Josias Du Pré (1770–1773 CE)
- Alexander Wynch (1773–1775 CE)
- Lord Pigot (1775–1776 CE)
… and 17 more
- Sir Thomas Rumbold (1778–1780 CE)
- Lord Macartney (1781–1785 CE)
- Sir Archibald Campbell (1786–1789 CE)
- William Medows (1790–1792 CE)
- Sir Charles Oakeley (1792–1794 CE)
- Lord Hobart (Robert Hobart) (1794–1798 CE)
- Lord Clive (Edward Clive) (1798–1803 CE)
- Lord William Bentinck (1803–1807 CE)
- Sir George Barlow (1807–1813 CE)
- Hugh Elliot (1814–1820 CE)
- Sir Thomas Munro (1820–1827 CE)
- Stephen Rumbold Lushington (1827–1832 CE)
- Sir Frederick Adam (1832–1837 CE)
- Lord Elphinstone (1837–1842 CE)
- Marquis of Tweeddale (1842–1848 CE)
- Sir Henry Pottinger (1848–1854 CE)
- Lord Harris (1854–1859 CE)
Capitals
Monuments
Sources (10)
Indian states (1947 onward)
Madras State
Open page- Coastal Andhra: 1947–1953 CE (6 years)
The Telugu districts remained in Madras Province (Madras State from 1950) until Andhra State was formed in 1953
- Rayalaseema: 1947–1953 CE (6 years)
The Telugu districts remained in Madras Province (Madras State from 1950) until Andhra State was formed in 1953
Sources (2)
Kingdoms and empires
Vijayanagara Empire
Open page- Rayalaseema: c. 1336–1646 CE (c. 310 years)
Founded c. 1335-36; Bukka I held Penukonda and Gooty (records of 1352 and a Gooty rock inscription) and his minister built the Bukkarayasamudram tank near Anantapur in 1364; Cuddapah in the 14th century; Kurnool wholly annexed under Krishnadeva Raya. After Talikota (1565) the kings ruled from Penukonda, which held out against Bijapur in 1577 and Golconda in 1589; the country north of Penukonda was lost after Sriranga I's capture (c. 1579-80); Venkatapati II moved to Chandragiri c. 1592; Golconda held the Cuddapah district and took Chandragiri (Chittoor) in 1646. Bijapur and Golconda took most of the region piecemeal after 1565
- Coastal Andhra: c. 1350–1579 CE (c. 229 years)
Vijayanagara officers kept Guntur (Kondavidu, Vinukonda, Bellamkonda) and the governor of Udayagiri kept Nellore after Talikota; Golconda took Kondavidu in April 1579 (Kistna Manual) or 1580 (a Guntur record of 1592 cited by Sewell), though Sewell thinks Guntur was already under Muslim rule by 1576 and the Nellore Manual says the Muslims held Nellore from 1565.
- Telangana: c. 1563–1565 CE (c. 2 years)
To end the confederate invasion of Golconda, Ibrahim Qutb Shah let Rama Raja keep the forts of Ghanpur and Panagal (Mahbubnagar) until Talikota; Ferishta places this after the Kalyani campaign of the early 1560s, the Kistna Manual dates it to 1557.
Rulers (24)
- Harihara I (Vijayanagara) (c. 1336–1355 CE)
- Bukka I (Vijayanagara) (1355–1377 CE)
- Harihara II (Vijayanagara) (1377–1404 CE)
- Bukka II (Vijayanagara) (1404–1406 CE)
- Deva Raya I (Vijayanagara) (1406–1422 CE)
- Vijaya Raya (Bukka III) (1422 CE)
… and 18 more
- Deva Raya II (Vijayanagara) (1422–1446 CE)
- Mallikarjuna (Vijayanagara) (1446–1465 CE)
- Virupaksha (Vijayanagara) (1465–1485 CE)
- Saluva Narasimha (1485–1492 CE)
- Immadi Narasimha (1492–1505 CE)
- Narasa Nayaka (c. 1505 CE)
- Vira Narasimha (Tuluva) (1505–1509 CE)
- Krishnadeva Raya (1509–1529 CE)
- Achyuta Raya (1529–1542 CE)
- Venkata I (Vijayanagara) (1542 CE)
- Sadasiva Raya (c. 1542–1569 CE)
- Tirumala (Aravidu) (c. 1569–1572 CE)
- Sriranga I (Vijayanagara) (1572–1586 CE)
- Venkatapati II (Vijayanagara) (1586–1614 CE)
- Sriranga II (Vijayanagara) (1614 CE)
- Rama Deva Raya (1614–1630 CE)
- Pedda Venkata (Vijayanagara) (1630–1642 CE)
- Sriranga III (Vijayanagara) (c. 1642–1670 CE)
Monuments (7)
- Penukonda fort and Gagan Mahal
- Kalahastisvara temple, Srikalahasti
- Virabhadra temple, Lepakshi
- Chandragiri fort and Raja Mahal
- Gooty fort
- Narasimha temples, Ahobilam
… and 1 more
Inscriptions (14)
- Penukonda fort inscription (1354)
- Gooty rock inscription of Bukka I
- Bitragunta grant of Sangama II (1356)
- Bukkarayasamudram tank inscription (1364)
- Tirumala inscriptions of Krishnadeva Raya and his queens (1513–1514)
- Amaravati inscription of Krishnadeva Raya (1515)
… and 8 more
- Mangalagiri and Kaza pillar inscriptions (1515–1518)
- Simhachalam inscriptions of Krishnadeva Raya (1516–1519)
- Srikalahasti inscription of Krishnadeva Raya (1516)
- Kondavidu pillar inscription of Nadindla Gopa (1520)
- Lepakshi temple inscriptions of Achyuta Raya's reign (1533–1538)
- Kanuma grant of Sadasiva (1548)
- Penukonda inscription of Channappa Nayudu (1577)
- Ahobilam inscription of Sriranga I (1584)
Sources (20)
Kingdoms and empires
Marathas
Open page- Rayalaseema: c. 1677–1687 CE (c. 10 years)
Partial (the Bellary and Anantapur uplands). Shivaji crossed the Krishna near Kurnool in March 1677, went to Srisailam and sent his army south through the Cuddapah country; Gribble says he took and garrisoned poligars' forts in the Cuddapah and Bellary districts. On his return he took Bellary fort after a 27-day siege (1677-78). In 1680 Bijapur formally ceded its rights over the country round Kopal and Bellary and the poligars paid him tribute (chauth), until Aurangzeb overthrew Maratha power in the district in 1687
- Rayalaseema: c. 1743–1774 CE (c. 31 years)
Partial. The Cuddapah gazetteer says the Nizam ceded Penukonda to the Marathas in 1743 (Grant Duff and the Anantapur gazetteer give Gooty and Penukonda to Morari Rao instead). After Balwant Rao killed the Nawab of Cuddapah near Cuddapah on 24 September 1757 the Marathas held Gurramkonda and Punganur (1755 in Gribble). Gurramkonda went to Haidar Ali through Mir Sahib in 1766-67, was retaken by Trimbak Rao after a two-month siege in 1771 and confirmed to the Marathas by the treaty of 1772, and was lost with Punganur, Sira and Madhugiri to Tipu and Haidar in 1773-74
Rulers
- Shivaji (1674–1680 CE)
- Sambhaji (1680–1689 CE)
- Rajaram (1689–1700 CE)
- Shahu (1708–1749 CE)
Sources (11)
Kingdoms and empires
Nawabs of Kurnool
Open page- Rayalaseema: c. 1690–1839 CE (c. 149 years)
Partial (Kurnool proper, the taluks of Ramallakota, Nandikotkur, Nandyal and Sirvel). The Mughals took Kurnool in 1686-88 and gave it as a jagir to the Pathan general Daud Khan Panni in the latter part of the seventeenth century (about 1698 in Burhanuddin); his kinsman Ibrahim Khan seized the fort in 1715, and his son Alif Khan acknowledged Asaf Jah in 1724. The French and Salabat Jang stormed Kurnool in March 1751 and held it for the Nizam until Ranmast (Munawwar) Khan recovered it in 1752. The Nawabs paid tribute to the Nizam and, from 1769, to Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan; in 1800 the Nizam ceded the tribute to the Company, which fixed it in 1804 at a lakh and a quarter of Gadwal rupees, then a lakh. The last Nawab, Ghulam Rasul Khan, was deposed in 1839 and the jagir annexed
Rulers (8)
Capitals
Sources (6)
Kingdoms and empires
Nawabs of Cuddapah
Open page- Rayalaseema: c. 1714–1779 CE (c. 65 years)
Partial (the Cuddapah uplands, the circars of Sidhout, Gandikota, Gurramkonda and Cumbum, with the poligar of Punganur as tributary). Pathan (Miana) Nawabs under the Mughals and the Nizams; Abdul Nabi Khan, governor from 1714, was the first to assert real control and raided the Baramahal. After the Maratha general Balwant Rao killed the Nawab Abdul Majid Khan in 1757, Gurramkonda went to the Marathas. The last Nawab, Abdul Halim Khan (from 1761), surrendered to Haidar Ali at Sidhout on 27 May 1779 (Wilks; 1778 in Gribble's local chronology and Brown, 1780 in the Cuddapah gazetteer, 1777 in Kirmani)
Rulers
Capitals
Sources (7)
Kingdoms and empires
Morari Rao Ghorpade of Gooty
Open page- Rayalaseema: c. 1741–1776 CE (c. 35 years)
Partial (Gooty, Penukonda, Madakasira, Kodikonda and Tadpatri, with tribute from the Anantapur poligars). The Maratha Morari Rao Ghorpade made the Madakasira poligar pay tribute in 1741, was recognised as chief of Gooty by the first Nizam in 1743-44 and settled there about 1746 (permanent seat 1754). Haidar Ali took Penukonda, Madakasira and Kodikonda in 1762; Morari Rao recovered some forts after the Maratha peace of 1765. Gooty fell to Haidar early in April 1776 (Wilks; 1775 in the Anantapur gazetteer), and Morari Rao died a prisoner at Kabbaldurga
Rulers
Capitals
Sources (5)
Kingdoms and empires
Banganapalle State
Open page- Rayalaseema: c. 1724–1948 CE (c. 224 years)
Partial (a nawabi enclave of about 255 square miles round Banganapalle in the Kurnool district). Muhammad Beg Khan, Mughal killedar of Banganapalle from the late seventeenth century, became a petty Nawab when Asaf Jah made himself independent, and Asaf Jah confirmed the jagir. Tipu Sultan occupied it from 1783 until the family, with the Nizam's troops, won it back at Tammadapalle in 1790. In 1800 the Nizam transferred his control to the East India Company, which took no tribute; the Madras government managed the indebted jagir from 1825 (1832 in the Imperial Gazetteer) to 1848 and restored it by the sanad of 1849. The ruler became a hereditary Nawab in 1876; the Madras government took over the administration on 23 February 1948
Rulers (10)
- Muhammad Beg Khan of Banganapalle (c. 1724–1758 CE)
- Muhammad Beg Khan Laug (regent) (c. 1758–1766 CE)
- Fazl Ali Khan (Gulli Nawab) of Banganapalle (c. 1766–1782 CE)
- Husain Ali Khan of Banganapalle (c. 1782–1783 CE)
- Ghulam Ali Khan (Mansur-ud-daula) of Banganapalle (c. 1790–1821 CE)
- Husain Ali Khan II of Banganapalle (c. 1821–1848 CE)
Capitals
Sources (5)
Kingdoms and empires
Mysore under Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan
Open page- Rayalaseema: c. 1762–1799 CE (c. 37 years)
Partial (the Anantapur, Bellary and Cuddapah uplands). Haidar Ali, master of Mysore from 1761, took Penukonda, Madakasira and Kodikonda from Morari Rao of Gooty in 1762 (some went back to Morari Rao in 1764-66). Gurramkonda came to him through Mir Sahib in 1768, was lost to the Marathas in 1771 and recovered by Tipu in 1773-74. He took Bellary in 1775 and Gooty in April 1776 (1775 in the Anantapur gazetteer), and the Nawab of Cuddapah surrendered at Sidhout on 27 May 1779 (1780 in the Cuddapah gazetteer); the Nawab of Kurnool and the poligars of the Bellary and Anantapur country paid him tribute. By the treaty of 18 March 1792 Tipu ceded the Cuddapah taluks, Gurramkonda, Bellary and the Gooty taluks of Tadpatri and Tadimarri to the Nizam; Gooty, Penukonda, Madakasira, Anantapur and the rest of Gurramkonda went to the Nizam after Tipu's death in May 1799, and the Nizam ceded both gains to the Company in 1800
Rulers
Sources (7)
Movements
Godavari hill risings
Open page- Coastal Andhra: 1858–1862 CE (4 years)
Subba Reddi's revolt near Yernagudem in 1858 and disturbances in the Rampa hills, 1858–1862
- Coastal Andhra: 1879–1881 CE (2 years)
The "Rampa rebellion" of 1879, put down in 1881 when its leader Chendrayya was killed
Sources (2)
Movements
Vandemataram and Swadeshi
Open page- Coastal Andhra: 1905–1911 CE (6 years)
Protests against the partition of Bengal; Bipin Chandra Pal's tour of the Telugu districts in April 1907
Sources (1)
Movements
Non-cooperation
Open page- Coastal Andhra: 1920–1922 CE (2 years)
Chirala–Perala (1921), the Palnadu forest satyagraha (1921) and the no-tax campaign of 1922 in Guntur district
Sources (1)
Movements
Salt satyagraha
Open page- Coastal Andhra: 1930 CE
Volunteers from district camps made salt on the coast at Machilipatnam, Chollangi, Mypadu, Vadarevu and elsewhere
Sources (1)
Movements
Hyderabad State Congress satyagraha
Open page- Telangana: 1938–1946 CE (8 years)
The Hyderabad State Congress, founded in 1938, was banned before its first meeting; its satyagraha began that year; the ban was lifted in 1946
Sources (1)
Movements
Telangana movement
Open page- Telangana: c. 1969–1973 CE (c. 4 years)
Agitation over the safeguards under way by January 1969 (all-party accord of 19 January; police firing at Godavarikhani on 31 January); statehood demanded at a convention of 8-9 March 1969; Prime Minister's statement of 11 April 1969 (Lok Sabha debates, 1969); Six-Point Formula of 21 September 1973
- Telangana: c. 2004–2014 CE (c. 10 years)
A "persistent demand" for a separate state acknowledged by the Home Ministry in the Lok Sabha on 13 July 2004 (its start is not dated in the sources used); the decision announced on 9 December 2009; the Srikrishna Committee, 2010; the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014, in force from 2 June 2014
Sources (12)
Movements
Andhra movement
Open page- Coastal Andhra: c. 1911–1953 CE (c. 42 years)
The demand for a separate Andhra province, from about 1911; Potti Sriramulu's fast and death in 1952; Andhra State formed on 1 October 1953
- Rayalaseema: c. 1911–1953 CE (c. 42 years)
The demand for a separate Andhra province, from about 1911; Potti Sriramulu's fast and death in 1952; Andhra State formed on 1 October 1953
Sources (3)
Movements
Jai Andhra movement
Open page- Coastal Andhra: c. 1972–1973 CE (c. 1 year)
The agitation in the Andhra region against the Mulki rules, which official records date from 25 October 1972, after the Supreme Court judgment of 3 October 1972 (Lok Sabha debates, 1972-73); President's rule from 18 January 1973; settled for the time being by the Six-Point Formula of 21 September 1973 and the end of President's rule on 10 December 1973
- Rayalaseema: c. 1972–1973 CE (c. 1 year)
The agitation in the Andhra region against the Mulki rules, which official records date from 25 October 1972, after the Supreme Court judgment of 3 October 1972 (Lok Sabha debates, 1972-73); President's rule from 18 January 1973; settled for the time being by the Six-Point Formula of 21 September 1973 and the end of President's rule on 10 December 1973
Sources (6)
Movements
Andhra Jana Sangham and Andhra Mahasabha
Open page- Telangana: 1921–1946 CE (25 years)
Founded in Hyderabad in November 1921; became the Andhra Mahasabha at Jogipet in 1930; its nationalist wing merged into the Hyderabad State Congress in 1946
Sources (1)
Movements
Rampa rebellion (Alluri Sitarama Raju)
Open page- Coastal Andhra: 1922–1924 CE (2 years)
Alluri Sitarama Raju's rising in the Godavari and Vizagapatam agencies, from the raid on Chintapalli police station on 22 August 1922 to his capture and death on 7 May 1924
Sources (1)
Movements
Quit India
Open page- Coastal Andhra: 1942 CE
The "Kurnool circular"; risings at Tenali, Chirala and Bhimavaram in August 1942
Sources (2)
Movements
Telangana armed struggle
Open page- Telangana: 1946–1951 CE (5 years)
Intensified from October 1946 in Jangaon and Bhongir taluks (Regani); called off by the Communist Party in 1951 (police history)
Sources (2)
Where historians disagree
These questions are still open. Each line links to the section of the page that gives both sides with their sources. They are useful for essay answers.
- Irvine dates the battle of Shakar Kheda, which made the Nizam independent, to 11 October 1724, but Gribble and the Anantapur gazetteer put it in 1723. Mughals in the Telugu country
- Orme dates Bussy's storming of Bobbili to 24 January 1757, while the Bobbili family's own account puts the attack in 1758. French East India Company
- The treaty of 1766 and the gazetteers give the Company's yearly payment to the Nizam as nine lakhs of rupees, but the Kistna manual says eight lakhs. East India Company
- The Imperial Gazetteer says the Godavari anicut was completed in 1850, but Morris quotes the government's order of 1852 that it had then been completed. East India Company
- Malleson reckoned the French coast in the Circars at 470 miles, while the Kistna manual says six hundred. French East India Company
- The documents of 1857 disagree on who led the attack on the Residency and on how large the crowd was, from about 500 to several thousand. Turrebaz Khan
Practise
For teachers
Lesson outline
Period 1: From Mughal province to the Nizam's state (40 minutes)
Read the opening and the first two sections of the era page (15 minutes). Then read about Asaf Jah. Ask how he could keep the forms of Mughal rule while ruling as an independent prince.
Read: Mughals, Asaf Jahis & the British → Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah I (Mir Qamar-ud-din) → Asaf Jahis (Nizams of Hyderabad)
Period 2: How the coast and Rayalaseema passed to the Company (45 minutes)
Read the three sections of the era page from "The French and the English" to "The Ceded Districts". Make a table on the board with three rows, the Northern Circars, Guntur and the Ceded Districts, and fill in when and how each passed to the Company.
Read: Mughals, Asaf Jahis & the British → French East India Company → East India Company → Sir Thomas Munro
Period 3: Hyderabad State and the Madras districts in the 19th century (40 minutes)
Read about Hyderabad State, the railways and the Madras districts. Compare what changed on each side of the border, such as the railway in Hyderabad and the Godavari dam on the coast.
Read: Mughals, Asaf Jahis & the British → Salar Jung I (Mir Turab Ali Khan) → Dowleswaram anicut
Activities
- Map work: colour the Northern Circars, Guntur, the Ceded Districts and the Nizam's Dominions in different colours. Write beside each the year it passed to the Company, or that it stayed with the Nizam. The East India Company in the Telugu country (1759–1858) · The Nizam's Dominions (1724–1948)
- Read a picture: look at this old photograph of the Dowleswaram anicut and its caption. Find on the monument page when the work began, how long the dam was and how much land it watered by 1903–04. "Dowlaisweram Anicut, from near the under sluices" (Hope 1900, facing p. 80) · Dowleswaram anicut
- Make a timeline of the treaties and grants on the era page, from 1765 to 1823. Write in one line what each one gave away. Mughals, Asaf Jahis & the British
- Short debate: the documents of 1857 disagree on who led the attack on the Residency. Using the Turrebaz Khan page, argue which account seems more likely and why. Turrebaz Khan · Hyderabad: "The Residency" (Campbell 1898, p. 186)
- Compare two regions: from the era page, list what the 1931 census said about language in Hyderabad State, and what the Madras districts gained from the Godavari dam. Mughals, Asaf Jahis & the British
Discussion questions
Every question can be answered from the page linked after it.
- How did Asaf Jah become independent, and where did he make his capital? (Answer on: Mughals, Asaf Jahis & the British)
- What did the East India Company promise the Nizam in return for the Northern Circars in 1766? (Answer on: Mughals, Asaf Jahis & the British)
- Why were the Ceded Districts given that name? (Answer on: Mughals, Asaf Jahis & the British)
- What was a subsidiary force, and who paid for it? (Answer on: Mughals, Asaf Jahis & the British)
- What changes did Salar Jang make to the government of Hyderabad? (Answer on: Salar Jung I (Mir Turab Ali Khan))
- What was the ryotwari settlement, and who introduced it in the Ceded Districts? (Answer on: Sir Thomas Munro)
- What did the 1931 census say about Telugu and Urdu in Hyderabad State? (Answer on: Mughals, Asaf Jahis & the British)
- Why does the era page stop short of the end of the Nizam's rule in 1948? (Answer on: Mughals, Asaf Jahis & the British)