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Telugu Historyతెలుగు చరిత్ర

Delhi Sultanate in the Telugu country

The Khalji and Tughluq sultans of Delhi sent five armies against the Kakatiya capital Warangal between 1303 and 1323. Malik Kafur's siege of 1309–10 and Khusrau Khan's of 1318 ended in tribute. Ulugh Khan, the future Muhammad bin Tughluq, took the city at his second attempt, sent Prataparudra towards Delhi and renamed Warangal Sultanpur. For a little over a decade Telingana (Tilang) was a province of the sultanate, governed for a time by the Telugu convert Malik Maqbul. Then a rising under Kapaya Nayaka, called Kanya Naik by Barani, drove the Delhi officers out.

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Each bar is a ruling power in its region; time runs left to right. Dashed = approximate dates. Select a bar for details.

1250127513001325135013751400Kakatiyas (1163–1323 CE)KakatiyasNayakas, Reddis & Bahmanis (1323–1518 CE)Nayakas, Reddis & BahmanisVijayanagara & the Qutb Shahis (1336–1687 CE)TelanganaKakatiyasMusunuri NayakasDelhi Sultanate (Tughluqs)Bahmani SultanateRecherla Velamas (Padmanayakas)Coastal AndhraEastern Gangas of KalingaHaihayas of Kona and PalnaduReddis of RajahmundryKotas of DharanikotaDelhi Sultanate (Tughluqs)Vijayanagara EmpireTelugu Chodas of Pottapi and NelloreReddis of KondaveeduCholas of TanjoreMusunuri NayakasKakatiyasPandyasRayalaseemaCholas of TanjorePandyasVijayanagara EmpireTelugu Chodas of Pottapi and NelloreReddis of KondaveeduHoysalasKakatiyas1250127513001325135013751400
Show as a list

Kakatiyas 1163–1323 CE

Telangana
Kakatiyas (c. 1163–1323 CE)
Coastal Andhra
Eastern Gangas of Kalinga (c. 537–1434 CE) · Haihayas of Kona and Palnadu (c. 1073–1364 CE) · Kotas of Dharanikota (c. 1100–1276 CE) · Telugu Chodas of Pottapi and Nellore (c. 1106–1316 CE) · Cholas of Tanjore (c. 1135–1264 CE) · Kakatiyas (c. 1185–1323 CE) · Pandyas (c. 1260–1264 CE)
Rayalaseema
Cholas of Tanjore (c. 985–1268 CE) · Pandyas (1285–1293 CE) · Telugu Chodas of Pottapi and Nellore (c. 1120–1268 CE) · Hoysalas (c. 1178–1342 CE) · Kakatiyas (c. 1250–1323 CE)

Nayakas, Reddis & Bahmanis 1323–1518 CE

Telangana
Musunuri Nayakas (c. 1336–1368 CE) · Delhi Sultanate (Tughluqs) (c. 1323–1336 CE) · Bahmani Sultanate (c. 1347–1518 CE) · Recherla Velamas (Padmanayakas) (c. 1361–1475 CE)
Coastal Andhra
Eastern Gangas of Kalinga (c. 537–1434 CE) · Haihayas of Kona and Palnadu (c. 1073–1364 CE) · Reddis of Rajahmundry (c. 1386–1448 CE) · Delhi Sultanate (Tughluqs) (c. 1323–1326 CE) · Vijayanagara Empire (c. 1350–1579 CE) · Reddis of Kondaveedu (c. 1325–1424 CE) · Musunuri Nayakas (c. 1325–1346 CE)
Rayalaseema
Vijayanagara Empire (c. 1336–1646 CE) · Reddis of Kondaveedu (c. 1346–1386 CE) · Hoysalas (c. 1178–1342 CE)

Vijayanagara & the Qutb Shahis 1336–1687 CE

Telangana
Musunuri Nayakas (c. 1336–1368 CE) · Bahmani Sultanate (c. 1347–1518 CE) · Recherla Velamas (Padmanayakas) (c. 1361–1475 CE)
Coastal Andhra
Eastern Gangas of Kalinga (c. 537–1434 CE) · Haihayas of Kona and Palnadu (c. 1073–1364 CE) · Reddis of Rajahmundry (c. 1386–1448 CE) · Vijayanagara Empire (c. 1350–1579 CE) · Reddis of Kondaveedu (c. 1325–1424 CE) · Musunuri Nayakas (c. 1325–1346 CE)
Rayalaseema
Vijayanagara Empire (c. 1336–1646 CE) · Reddis of Kondaveedu (c. 1346–1386 CE) · Hoysalas (c. 1178–1342 CE)
Kingdoms and empires Sultanates Uncertain or debated dates Held another region first This page

Reigns

Each bar is one ruler’s reign; time runs left to right. c. = approximate date.

12751300132513501375Ala-ud-din Khalji · 1296–1316 CE · 20 yrsAla-ud-din Khalji1296–1316 CE · 20 yrsQutb-ud-din Mubarak Shah · 1316–1320 CE · 4 yrsQutb-ud-din Mubarak Shah1316–1320 CE · 4 yrsGhiyas-ud-din Tughluq · 1320–1325 CE · 5 yrsGhiyas-ud-din Tughluq1320–1325 CE · 5 yrsMuhammad bin Tughluq · 1325–1351 CE · 26 yrsMuhammad bin Tughluq1325–1351 CE · 26 yrs
  1. Ala-ud-din Khalji1296–1316 CE · 20 yrs
  2. Qutb-ud-din Mubarak Shah1316–1320 CE · 4 yrs
  3. Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq1320–1325 CE · 5 yrs
  4. Muhammad bin Tughluq1325–1351 CE · 26 yrs
Reign

Only the four sultans who sent armies to the Telugu country or ruled part of it. Reign years from the Hijri dates in Stanley Lane-Poole's table of the Delhi mints (1884): AH 695–715, 716–720, 720–725 and 725–752. Muhammad bin Tughluq's death in Muharram AH 752 fell in March 1351.

The sultans of Delhi first reached the Telugu country at the beginning of the fourteenth century. Between 1303 and 1323 the Khalji and Tughluq kings sent five armies against Warangal, the capital of the Kakatiya king Prataparudra.12 Two failed, two ended in tribute, and the last, under Prince Ulugh Khan, took the city and the king.12

Warangal was renamed Sultanpur, and Telingana, the “country of Tilang”, became a province of the sultanate.34 Delhi’s rule lasted little more than a decade before a rising of Telugu chiefs under the Musunuri Nayakas retook Warangal.567 When the Deccan rebelled against Muhammad bin Tughluq, the province passed out of his empire for good.567 See also the post-Kakatiya era and Warangal Fort.

The sources

The campaigns are known mainly from Persian histories written for the court of Delhi. This page uses them in the English extracts of Elliot and Dowson (1867–77). Amir Khusrau, a court poet, described Malik Kafur’s expedition of 1309–10 in his prose history, the Tarikh-i ‘Alai or Khaza’inu-l Futuh.89 He described Khusrau Khan’s expedition of 1318 in his poem Nuh Sipihr.10

Ziya-ud-din Barani’s Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi covers all the campaigns and the loss of the province.115 Shams-i Siraj Afif records the career of the Telugu convert Malik Maqbul.12 The traveller Ibn Battuta gives his own version of the Tughluq campaigns.13

Ferishta was a historian in the service of Ibrahim Adil Shah of Bijapur.1415 His history, translated by John Briggs in 1829, adds details and dates of his own.1415 The editors of the Vilasa grant also used Isami’s Futuh-us-Salatin, which has not been consulted for this page.1 On the Telugu side the main witness of the time is the Vilasa grant of Prolaya Nayaka, issued within about a decade of the conquest.2

Ala-ud-din Khalji’s expeditions

The first army sent against Warangal, about 1302–03, achieved nothing. Barani says that while Ala-ud-din besieged Chitor, Malik Fakhr-ud-din Juna and Malik Jhaju of Karra were “sent with all the officers and forces of Hindustan against Arangal”.16 The rains began when they arrived, and they returned at the beginning of winter “greatly reduced in numbers”.16

Ferishta says this army went “by the way of Bengal”.17 Haig, in the Cambridge History of India (1928), describes it marching by the eastern route through Bengal and Orissa and suffering a defeat.18 The editors of the Vilasa grant also thought the Telugu armies had probably beaten it.1

In 1309 the sultan sent Malik Naib Kafur, with Khwaja Haji, by way of Devagiri. Barani says Kafur was told to take the treasure, elephants and horses of “Rai Laddar Deo” and a promise of yearly tribute.11 He was also told not to press the king too hard.11

Amir Khusrau traces the march stage by stage to the fort of Sarbar, “considered among the provinces of Tilang”.19 In his account, its defenders burned themselves with their families.19 The army went on to Arangal (Warangal) and occupied the hill of Anumakonda, “for from that all the edifices and gardens of Arangal can be seen”.19

The besiegers stormed the outer mud wall and attacked the inner stone fort, and the king asked for peace.20 Khusrau says he sent a golden image of himself with a golden chain round its neck.20 Barani lists the price as “a hundred elephants, seven thousand horse, and large quantities of jewels and valuables”, with a written promise of yearly tribute.21 Ferishta gives three hundred elephants and seven thousand horses.22

Khusrau says that Kafur left Arangal in March 1310, with “a thousand camels” groaning under the treasure.23 At the end of the following year twenty elephants came to Delhi from “Laddar Deo Rai of Tilang”.24 With them came an offer to pay the tribute at Devagiri.24

Haig adds that Kafur went south again in 1313 partly because Prataparudra had asked for an officer at a convenient distance to receive the tribute.25 The siege itself is described on the Warangal Fort page. See also Malik Kafur and Hanamkonda.

Khusrau Khan, 1318

When the tribute stopped, Sultan Mubarak Shah sent his favourite Khusrau Khan against Warangal in 1318. Amir Khusrau’s Nuh Sipihr describes another siege.2627 After it, the Rai gave up five districts and promised a yearly tribute of more than a hundred elephants and twelve thousand horses.2627 Khusrau Khan gave back all the ceded country except “Badrkot, a fort as high as heaven”.2627

The editors of the Vilasa grant noted that Isami tells the story without any fighting.1 In Isami’s account, Prataparudra received Khusrau Khan with respect and paid the tribute readily.1 The Cambridge History also says that Khusrau Khan, on his way back from the far south, was held up in Telingana by the rains.28 There he talked of making himself independent.28

Ulugh Khan and the fall of Warangal

Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq sent his eldest son Ulugh Khan, later Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq, against Warangal.29 Barani dates the campaign to the Hijri year AH 721 (1321; AH is the Islamic way of counting years).29 The prince besieged both the mud fort and the stone fort.29 The defenders offered tribute, but he “would grant no terms”.29

Then, Barani says, false news of the sultan’s death spread through the camp.30 Several of the old nobles fled, believing that the prince meant to kill them.30 The besieged Hindus came out and “plundered the baggage of the army”, and this forced Ulugh Khan back to Devagiri.30

Four months later, with fresh troops, he took the fort of “Bidr” on the way, returned to Arangal and captured it.3 Barani writes: “Rai Laddar Deo, with all his rais and mukaddims” (chiefs and village headmen), “their wives and children, elephants and horses, fell into the hands of the victors”.3 See Muhammad bin Tughluq.

The accounts disagree on the details. Ferishta puts the first siege in the second year of Tughluq’s reign.1531 He blames a “malignant distemper” (a deadly disease) as well as the false rumours.1531 He dates the retreat to AH 722 (1322).1531

Ibn Battuta says that the prince himself had planned to rebel and had the rumour spread, and Haig follows him.1332 Haig places the second campaign in 1323.32 The editors of the Vilasa grant say that it ended after a siege of six or seven months.2 P. V. Parabrahma Sastry, following Isami, dates the final five-month siege to 1323.33

Prataparudra was sent to Delhi as a prisoner and did not reach it. Afif says simply that the Rai died on the road.12 The Vilasa grant, issued about 1330, says that he died on the banks of the Narmada.34 His later life and the claims that he survived are discussed on his page.

The province of Tilang

Barani says that after the capture “the name of Arangal was changed to Sultanpur, and all the country of Tilang was conquered”.335 He adds: “Officers were appointed to manage the country, and one year’s tribute was taken.”335 Ferishta, too, says the prince “caused Wurungole to be called Sooltanpoor”.36 Briggs adds in a note that the city “soon lost this Mahomedan title”.36

Haig describes the country being divided into fiefs and districts given to Muslim nobles and officers.324 In his account, Warangal was the capital of a province.324 Ulugh Khan went on from Warangal to raid Jajnagar in Orissa, sending forty elephants to his father.3536 He stayed at Warangal until he was summoned back to Delhi.3536

The conquest reached the coast. An inscription on a mosque at Rajahmundry records its building in 1324.373438 The editors of the Vilasa grant name its builder as Salar Ulwi, a servant of Ulugh Khan.3438 They take the mosque as evidence that the Godavari delta was occupied within a year of the fall of Warangal.3438

The editors also cite a Telugu verse on the Muslim occupation of Nellore after Muppidi-nayaka.34 According to S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar, after his accession Muhammad bin Tughluq brought Warangal and Dvarasamudra back into obedience in about 1327–28.39 The Masaliku-l Absar, an Arabic geography written in his reign, lists Tilank (Telingana) as one of the twenty-three provinces of the empire.4041 Ibn Battuta says that the governor of Daulatabad, Qutlu Khan, ruled “the lands of Saghar, Tiling, and their dependent territories”.42

The new province struck coins. H. Nelson Wright catalogued the coins of the Indian Museum in 1907.43 He wrote that Warangal “was renamed Sultánpur, and became later an imperial mint town”.43

From C. J. Rodgers’ papers, Stanley Lane-Poole’s table of the mints of the Delhi sultans (1884) lists “Talang” among the mints of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq.44 It lists “Sultánpúr (i.e. Warangol)” among the mints of Muhammad bin Tughluq represented in the British Museum.44 Edward Thomas published a gold coin of Muhammad bin Tughluq struck at Sultanpur in AH 729 (1328–29).45

The cholera of 1335 and the loss of Warangal

In 1335 Muhammad bin Tughluq marched south to put down a rebellion at Madurai (then Madura), and reached Warangal. Barani says that “cholera (wabd) was prevalent” there.46 In his account, several nobles died of it and the sultan himself fell ill.46 The sultan “appointed Malik Kabul, the naib-wazir, to be ruler over Tilang” and hurried home.46

Ibn Battuta places the outbreak at “Badrakot, capital of Tilang, three months’ march from Ma’bar”.47 Ferishta says that the sultan left an officer, Imad-ul-Mulk, in command of the army.48 Haig dates the sultan’s departure from Delhi to 5 January 1335 and calls the governor Malik Qabil.49

The province was lost soon afterwards. Barani writes that “a revolt broke out among the Hindus at Arangal”.5 He says that “Kanya Naik had gathered strength in the country”.5 Then “Malik Makbul, the naib-wazir” (deputy chief minister), “fled to Dehli, and the Hindus took possession of Arangal, which was thus entirely lost.”5

Elliot and Dowson note that the same officer appears in Barani as Kabul and as Mukbil.50 Gribble, writing in 1896, said that “no sooner had the Sultan returned to Delhi than a revolt broke out at Warangal”.51

Ferishta tells of a rising in AH 744 (1343–44) led by “Krishn Naig, the son of Luddur Dew”, with the help of “Bilal Dew, Raja of the Carnatic”.52 Robert Sewell tells the same rising with the Hoysala Ballala princes as Krishna’s allies.53 In his account, the rising drove the governor Imad-ul-Mulk back to Daulatabad.52 It left the sultan nothing in the Deccan but Daulatabad.52

Krishnaswami Aiyangar saw it as an organised revolt of the southern Hindu powers, Warangal and Kampili, with perhaps Dvarasamudra behind them.54 He placed it in the years when Vijayanagara was being founded.54 Twentieth-century historians identified the leader with the Musunuri chief Kapaya Nayaka.55

The end of Delhi’s rule in the Deccan

When the officers of the Deccan rebelled in 1345–47, the ruler of Warangal took their side. Ferishta says that their leader Zafar Khan was joined at Bidar by “fifteen thousand infantry, sent by the Raja of Tulingana”.56 With this help he defeated the royal army and became the first Bahmani sultan.56

Haig names the raja Kanhayya Naik of Warangal.7 Krishnaswami Aiyangar describes Telingana at Muhammad bin Tughluq’s death in 1351 as a tributary Hindu kingdom, with its capital still at Warangal.5758 He says that its raja recognised the sultan’s overlordship “at least in name”.5758 See Malik Maqbul, who went on to become chief minister of Firuz Tughluq.

Evidence and disagreements

  • The first expedition. Ferishta has it go through Bengal.17 Haig has it go through Bengal and Orissa.18 Barani blames the rains, while Haig and the editors of the Vilasa grant blame a defeat.16181
  • Kafur’s campaign. Wassaf says the Rai submitted on the frontier and sent “6,000 loads of gold” without a siege.59 Amir Khusrau and Barani describe a siege and storm.2060
  • Kafur’s booty. Barani gives a hundred elephants and seven thousand horses.21 Ferishta gives three hundred elephants and seven thousand horses.22
  • The 1318 campaign. Amir Khusrau describes a siege and heavy tribute.26 Isami, as reported by the editors of the Vilasa grant, describes a peaceful payment of arrears (unpaid tribute).1
  • The first Tughluq siege. Barani blames two malicious favourites and the false rumour.30 Ibn Battuta and Haig blame the prince’s own plan to seize the throne.1332 Ferishta adds disease in the camp.15
  • The date of the fall of Warangal. Barani dates the campaign to 1321, and the Imperial Gazetteer also gives 1321.2961 Ferishta puts the retreat in 1322 and the capture after it.31 Haig, the editors of the Vilasa grant and Parabrahma Sastry give 1323.32233
  • The death of Prataparudra. Afif says he died on the road to Delhi.12 The Vilasa grant says he died on the banks of the Narmada.34 See his page for the other views.
  • The governor who lost Warangal. Barani names Malik Makbul, the naib-wazir.5 Ferishta names Imad-ul-Mulk.52
  • The date of the loss. Barani’s order of events, and Gribble, place it soon after the cholera of 1335.551 Ferishta gives AH 744, 1343–44.52
  • The Sultanpur mint. Lane-Poole and Wright identify the Sultanpur of Muhammad bin Tughluq’s coins with Warangal.4443 The histories also name a Sultanpur near Delhi, where the sultan halted in 1345.62 Amir Khusrau names a Sultanpur “commonly called Irijpur” on Kafur’s road south.63

Footnotes

  1. N. Venkataramanayya and M. Somasekhara Sarma, “Vilasa Grant of Prolaya-nayaka”, Epigraphia Indica XXXII (1957–58), p. 243 (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6 ↩7 ↩8

  2. Venkataramanayya and Somasekhara Sarma, “Vilasa Grant” (1957–58), p. 244 (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5

  3. Elliot and Dowson, Vol. III (1871), p. 233, Barani (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5

  4. Haig, Cambridge History of India, Vol. III (1928), p. 132 (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  5. Elliot and Dowson, Vol. III (1871), p. 245, Barani (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6 ↩7 ↩8

  6. Haig, Cambridge History of India, Vol. III (1928), p. 169 (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩2

  7. Haig, Cambridge History of India, Vol. III (1928), p. 170 (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  8. Elliot and Dowson, History of India, Vol. III (1871), p. 67 (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩

  9. Elliot and Dowson, History of India, Vol. III (1871), p. 78, Amir Khusrau, Tarikh-i ‘Alai (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩

  10. Elliot and Dowson, Vol. III (1871), p. 557, Amir Khusrau, Nuh Sipihr (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩

  11. Elliot and Dowson, Vol. III (1871), p. 201, Barani (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  12. Elliot and Dowson, Vol. III (1871), p. 367, Shams-i Siraj Afif, Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  13. Elliot and Dowson, Vol. III (1871), p. 609, Ibn Batuta (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  14. Ferishta, tr. Briggs, Vol. I (1829), p. 401 (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩2

  15. Ferishta, tr. Briggs, Vol. I (1829), p. 403 (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6

  16. Elliot and Dowson, Vol. III (1871), p. 189, Barani, Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  17. Muhammad Qasim Ferishta, tr. John Briggs, History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India, Vol. I (1829), p. 353 (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩2

  18. Wolseley Haig (ed.), The Cambridge History of India, Vol. III (1928), p. 108 (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  19. Elliot and Dowson, Vol. III (1871), p. 80 (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  20. Elliot and Dowson, Vol. III (1871), p. 83 (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  21. Elliot and Dowson, Vol. III (1871), p. 203, Barani (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩2

  22. Ferishta, tr. Briggs, Vol. I (1829), p. 372 (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩2

  23. Elliot and Dowson, Vol. III (1871), p. 84 (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩

  24. Elliot and Dowson, Vol. III (1871), p. 204, Barani (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩2

  25. Haig, Cambridge History of India, Vol. III (1928), p. 118 (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩

  26. Elliot and Dowson, Vol. III (1871), p. 560 (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  27. Elliot and Dowson, Vol. III (1871), p. 561 (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  28. Haig, Cambridge History of India, Vol. III (1928), p. 123 (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩2

  29. Elliot and Dowson, Vol. III (1871), p. 231, Barani (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5

  30. Elliot and Dowson, Vol. III (1871), p. 232, Barani (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  31. Ferishta, tr. Briggs, Vol. I (1829), p. 404 (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  32. Haig, Cambridge History of India, Vol. III (1928), pp. 130–131 (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6

  33. P. V. Parabrahma Sastry, The Kakatiyas of Warangal (1978), pp. 138–139. Cite-only; paraphrased. ↩ ↩2

  34. Venkataramanayya and Somasekhara Sarma, “Vilasa Grant” (1957–58), p. 248 (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6

  35. Elliot and Dowson, Vol. III (1871), p. 234, Barani (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  36. Ferishta, tr. Briggs, Vol. I (1829), pp. 405–406 (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  37. F. R. Hemingway, Madras District Gazetteers: Godavari, Vol. I (1907), p. 25 (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩

  38. Venkataramanayya and Somasekhara Sarma, “Vilasa Grant” (1957–58), pp. 252–253 (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  39. S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar, South India and her Muhammadan Invaders (1921), p. 136 (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩

  40. Elliot and Dowson, Vol. III (1871), p. 574, Masaliku-l Absar (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩

  41. Elliot and Dowson, Vol. III (1871), p. 575 (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩

  42. Ibn Battuta, tr. H. A. R. Gibb, Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325–1354 (1929), p. 227 (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩

  43. H. Nelson Wright, Catalogue of the Coins in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, Vol. II (1907), p. 8 (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  44. Stanley Lane-Poole, The Coins of the Sultans of Dehli in the British Museum (1884), p. xv and note (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  45. Edward Thomas, The Chronicles of the Pathan Kings of Delhi (1871), p. 211, No. 175a (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩

  46. Elliot and Dowson, Vol. III (1871), p. 243, Barani (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  47. Elliot and Dowson, Vol. III (1871), p. 619, Ibn Batuta (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩

  48. Ferishta, tr. Briggs, Vol. I (1829), p. 423 (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩

  49. Haig, Cambridge History of India, Vol. III (1928), p. 149 (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩

  50. Elliot and Dowson, Vol. III (1871), p. 256 and note 2 (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩

  51. J. D. B. Gribble, A History of the Deccan, Vol. I (1896), pp. 19–20 (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩2

  52. Ferishta, tr. Briggs, Vol. I (1829), p. 427 (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5

  53. Robert Sewell, A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar) (1900), p. 26 (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩

  54. Krishnaswami Aiyangar, South India and her Muhammadan Invaders (1921), p. 154 (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩2

  55. Venkataramanayya and Somasekhara Sarma, “Vilasa Grant” (1957–58), p. 256 (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩

  56. Ferishta, tr. Briggs, Vol. II (1829), p. 289 (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩2

  57. Krishnaswami Aiyangar, South India and her Muhammadan Invaders (1921), p. 151 (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩2

  58. Krishnaswami Aiyangar, South India and her Muhammadan Invaders (1921), p. 155 (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩2

  59. H. M. Elliot and John Dowson, The History of India as Told by Its Own Historians, Vol. III (1871), p. 49, Wassaf (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩

  60. Elliot and Dowson, Vol. III (1871), p. 202, Barani (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩

  61. Imperial Gazetteer of India, Provincial Series: Hyderabad State (1909), p. 11 (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩

  62. Haig, Cambridge History of India, Vol. III (1928), p. 166 (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩

  63. Elliot and Dowson, Vol. III (1871), p. 79 (archive.org (opens in a new tab)). ↩

Photos

People

Malik Kafur

c. 1309–1313 CE

Slave general of Sultan Ala-ud-din Khalji, called Malik Naib. He besieged Warangal in 1309–10 and forced the Kakatiya king Prataparudra to give up his treasure and pay yearly tribute. Then he crossed the Telugu country on his way to the far south, and he collected its tribute from Devagiri. This page covers only his part in the history of the Telugu country.

Malik Maqbul (Khan-i Jahan)

c. 1323–1370 CE

Telugu noble of Warangal, called Kattu before his conversion, who entered the service of Muhammad bin Tughluq after the fall of the Kakatiyas. He governed the province of Telingana until Kanya Naik's revolt drove him out. He rose to be chief minister of Sultan Firuz Tughluq with the title Khan-i Jahan.

Muhammad bin Tughluq

1325–1351 CE

Sultan of Delhi (1325–1351). As Prince Ulugh Khan he besieged Warangal twice in the early 1320s, captured the Kakatiya king Prataparudra and renamed the city Sultanpur. As sultan he held Telingana as a province until a Telugu rising, after his visit of 1335, took Warangal from his governor. This page covers only his part in the history of the Telugu country.

References

Sources (15)
  1. H. M. Elliot and John Dowson (eds.), The History of India as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period, Vol. III (opens in a new tab), Trübner and Co., London, 1871, pp. 49, 78–86, 189, 201–204, 231–234, 243–245, 256, 367–368, 557–561, 574–575, 608–609, 619. Amir Khusrau, Wassaf, Barani, Afif, the Masaliku-l Absar and Ibn Batuta in translation. [Public domain]
  2. Muhammad Qasim Ferishta (tr. John Briggs), History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India till the Year A.D. 1612, Vol. I (opens in a new tab), Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, London, 1829, pp. 353, 372, 401, 403–406, 423, 427. [Public domain]
  3. Muhammad Qasim Ferishta (tr. John Briggs), History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India till the Year A.D. 1612, Vol. II (opens in a new tab), Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, London, 1829, pp. 289. [Public domain]
  4. Wolseley Haig (ed.), The Cambridge History of India, Vol. III: Turks and Afghans (opens in a new tab), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1928, pp. 108, 114–115, 118, 130–132, 149–150, 169–170. [Public domain]
  5. S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar, South India and her Muhammadan Invaders (opens in a new tab), Oxford University Press (Humphrey Milford), London, 1921, pp. 136, 151, 154–155. [Public domain]
  6. Ibn Battuta (tr. H. A. R. Gibb), Ibn Battuta: Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325-1354 (The Broadway Travellers) (opens in a new tab), George Routledge and Sons, London, 1929, pp. 227. [Public domain]
  7. D. C. Sircar and B. Ch. Chhabra (eds.), Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XXXII (1957–58) (opens in a new tab), Archaeological Survey of India, 1959, pp. 243–244, 247–248, 252–253. N. Venkataramanayya and M. Somasekhara Sarma, Vilasa grant of Prolaya-nayaka, introduction. Paraphrased. [Public domain in India]
  8. F. R. Hemingway, Madras District Gazetteers: Godavari, Vol. I (opens in a new tab), Government Press, Madras, 1907, pp. 25. [Public domain]
  9. J. D. B. Gribble, A History of the Deccan, Vol. I (opens in a new tab), Luzac & Co., London, 1896, pp. 19–20. [Public domain]
  10. Government of India, Imperial Gazetteer of India, Provincial Series: Hyderabad State (opens in a new tab), Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta, 1909, pp. 11. [Public domain]
  11. H. Nelson Wright, Catalogue of the Coins in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, Vol. II: Part I, The Sultans of Delhi; Part II, Contemporary Dynasties in India (opens in a new tab), Clarendon Press, Oxford, for the Indian Museum, 1907, pp. 8. [Public domain]
  12. Stanley Lane-Poole, The Coins of the Sultans of Dehli in the British Museum (opens in a new tab), Trustees of the British Museum, London, 1884, xiv–xvi. [Public domain]
  13. Edward Thomas, The Chronicles of the Pathan Kings of Delhi, illustrated by Coins, Inscriptions and other Antiquarian Remains (opens in a new tab), Trübner and Co., London, 1871, pp. 211. [Public domain]
  14. P. V. Parabrahma Sastry, The Kakatiyas of Warangal, Government of Andhra Pradesh, 1978, pp. 132, 138–140. Cite-only; paraphrased. [All rights reserved (cited, not reproduced)]
  15. Robert Sewell, A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar): A Contribution to the History of India (scan of the 1900 edition) (opens in a new tab), Swan Sonnenschein & Co., London, 1900. [Public domain]

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