Recherla Velamas

The Recherla Velamas were a family of Telugu warrior chiefs who became the leading power in Telangana in the century after the fall of the Kakatiyas.¹²³⁴ The family called itself the Recherla family and belonged to the Velama or Padmanayaka community.¹²³⁴ It is first seen in power under Singama Nayaka.¹²³⁴

His sons Anapota and Mada overthrew the Musunuri chief Kapaya Nayaka about 1368.¹²³⁴ They ruled the country from two hill forts, Rachakonda and Devarakonda, in the Nalgonda district.¹²³⁴

N. Venkataramanayya counted the Velama kingdom of Telingana among the five major kingdoms of the south in the early fifteenth century.⁵ Its capital was the old city of Warangal, and Rachakonda and Devarakonda were its main strongholds.⁵ Its neighbours were the Reddis on the coast, the Gajapatis of Orissa, Vijayanagara and the Bahmani sultans.⁵ See the Musunuri Nayakas and Nayakas, Reddis and Bahmanis.

The name: Recherla, Velama, Padmanayaka

The family’s inscriptions call it the Recherla gotra (clan) or family.¹⁶ The Inavolu inscription of 1369 says that among many royal lines the Recherla family had been honoured by the Kakatiyas.¹ The Kandikonda inscription of 1375 calls it equal to the dynasty of Raghu, though of the fourth caste.⁶ T. Ganapati Sastri, editing the Rasarnavasudhakara in 1916, read the name in its verses as Rechalla.⁷

V. Yashoda Devi explained Recherla as the name of a village in Telangana.⁸ P. V. Parabrahma Sastry derived it from Rechadi or Rechadla, the founder of the family.⁹ The census survey of the Nalgonda district (1964) says the capital was first called Recharlakonda, after the family.¹⁰

An earlier family of Kakatiya generals bore the same name: the Recherla chiefs of Pillalamarri, Palampet and Nagulapadu.¹¹ Among them was Recherla Rudra, who built the Ramappa temple in 1213.¹¹ Parabrahma Sastry held that they were Reddis, distinct from the later Velama family.¹¹ He suggested that their name came from the village of Recheguvula.¹¹ Cynthia Talbot likewise warned against confusing the fourteenth-century Recherla Nayakas with the Recherla clan of the early Kakatiya period, who used the status title reddi.¹²

The Velugoti family history of 1922 takes the other view.¹³¹⁴¹⁵ It makes the founder of the Velama line, Chevi Reddi, a brother of Nami Reddi of Pillalamarri, and claims the Pillalamarri inscriptions of 1195 to 1208 for him.¹³¹⁴¹⁵ It tells how his servant Rechan offered himself as a sacrifice so that Chevi Reddi could take a buried treasure.¹³¹⁴¹⁵ The condition was that every wedding in the family should be preceded by one in Rechan’s.¹³¹⁴¹⁵ See Pillalamarri.

Velama and Padmanayaka are the names of the community. J. Ramayya reported in 1906 on an account of the Kakatiyas compiled for Colin Mackenzie.¹⁶ It says that Prataparudra’s generals “were all Padmanayakas or Velamas”.¹⁶ Chilukuri Veerabhadra Rao wrote in 1912 that the Padma Velamas, a branch of the Velamas, called themselves Padmanayakas.¹⁷¹⁸

Veerabhadra Rao noted the Velugoti family history’s two explanations of the name.¹⁷¹⁸ One was “lotus-lord”, the sun, and the other was descent from the Puranic king Mahapadma.¹⁷¹⁸ He found no evidence for either.¹⁷¹⁸ The family name Velama itself appears in an inscription of 1427 from Sarikonda.¹⁹ The later tradition of the seventy-seven Padmanayakas of Prataparudra is discussed on the page on the Kakatiyas.

The sources

Four kinds of evidence are used here.

Inscriptions. About thirty inscriptions of the family are listed in Epigraphia Telanganica (2023).²⁰²¹ They run from the Rachakonda records of 1365 to records of later centuries that name Velama chiefs.²⁰²¹ P. Sreenivasachar’s Corpus of 1956 edited four of them:¹⁶²²²³

• the Inavolu grant of 1369¹
• the Kandikonda record of 1375⁶
• the Umamahesvaram record of 1377²²
• the Sayampeta grant of 1464²³

The texts of the Rachakonda records of 1365 and of the Devalanagaram record of 1429 were printed in 1910, in the appendix to the Velugoti family chronicle.²⁴²⁵ Most of the others were published only from the 1960s onwards, and are known here through the summaries in Epigraphia Telanganica.²⁰

The Rasarnavasudhakara. The opening verses of this Sanskrit work, written by the king Singabhupala, give a genealogy of the family to his own day.²⁶²⁷

The family chronicles of the later Velugoti Rajas of Venkatagiri.²⁸²⁹³⁰ One is the verse Velugotivari Vamsavali, known here only through the historians who cite it.²⁸²⁹³⁰ Another is the Telugu prose Velugotivari Vamsacaritramu of 1910.²⁹ The third is Alladi Jagannatha Sastri’s English Family History of Venkatagiri Rajas of 1922.³⁰ They are late.³¹ P. V. Parabrahma Sastry warned that they credit the Velamas alone with victories that other generals shared.³¹

The Persian histories of the Bahmani sultans, Ferishta and the Burhan-i Ma’asir.³²³³³⁴ They speak of the “Raja of Tulingana” or of “Wurungole”, of “the Rayas of Devarkonda and Rajkonda” and of a “zemindar of Tulingana” at Devarakonda.³²³³³⁴ But they never name the family.³²³³³⁴

Under the Kakatiyas

The inscriptions remember the family’s service to the Kakatiyas through one ancestor, Dacaya, son of Vennaya.¹³⁵²⁶ The Inavolu inscription says that he conquered the Pandyas at the command of Prataparudra.¹ It says he won the title Pandya-raya-gaja-kesari, “lion to the elephant that was the Pandya king”.¹ The Umamahesvaram inscription remembers him for defeating the armies of a Bhillama.³⁵ The Rasarnavasudhakara says that in battle the Pandya king’s elephant troop yielded victory to his sword.²⁶

The chronicles add a great deal more, from wars against the Delhi armies to the Pandya campaign of Era Dacha and his cousin Nala Dacha.³⁰³¹ These stories are told, and weighed against the inscriptions, on the pages on the Kakatiyas and on the Inavolu inscription.³⁰³¹

Singama Nayaka

Singa or Singama-nayaka, son of Dacaya, is known only from the records of his descendants.⁸³⁶ V. Yashoda Devi writes that he joined Kapaya Nayaka in the rising against Delhi in 1336–37.⁸³⁶ Then, she writes, he refused Kapaya’s overlordship, moved his seat to Rajukonda and defeated him.⁸³⁶

In his inscriptions of 1346 and 1357 Kapaya took a title once borne by the Recherla chiefs, “lord of the city of Anumanagallu”.⁸³⁶ Yashoda Devi reads this as a sign that Kapaya in turn defeated Singama.⁸³⁶

The Rasarnavasudhakara says that Singama settled Brahmins near the god Ailesvara on the Krishna.³⁷ Yashoda Devi credits him with the occupation of Elesvaram and of forts in the Doab (land between two rivers) between the Krishna and the Tungabhadra.³⁸

The family chronicle says that Singama died besieging the fort of Jallipalli, where the princes of the lunar race held his brother-in-law prisoner.³⁹⁴⁰ They sent a man named Tammala Brahmajiyya, who came to his camp as a friend and stabbed him.³⁹⁴⁰ Dying, Singama charged his sons to offer his funeral libations (offerings) with the blood of his enemies.³⁹⁴⁰ N. Venkataramanayya, citing the Vamsavali, dated the killing to Saka 1283 (1361–62; Saka is an Indian way of counting years).²⁸ See Singama Nayaka.

Anapota and Mada: the two kingdoms

According to the chronicle, Anapota and Mada avenged their father in battles at Moguluru and at Inukurthi.⁴¹⁴² At Inukurthi they killed a hundred and one princes of the lunar race in 1361, and took the title Somakula-Parasurama.⁴¹⁴² Anapota then gave Devarakonda to Mada and kept the family capital, Rachakonda, for himself.⁴¹⁴² The Inavolu inscription of 1369 says the two brothers ruled the kingdom together.¹

Three inscriptions of Anapota at Rachakonda are dated August 1365.²⁴⁴³²⁰ They record the stone fortifications, wells and earthen walls he built on the hills of Rajukonda and Naganayanikonda.²⁴⁴³²⁰ They also record the tank Anapota-samudram between the hills.²⁴⁴³²⁰ See the Rachakonda inscriptions of 1365 and Rachakonda Fort.

Yashoda Devi, following the chronicle, describes the end of Kapaya Nayaka.²³ Anapota marched on Warangal and defeated and killed him at Bhimavaram.²³ He then took Bhongir, Warangal and Singavaram and took the titles Andhradesadhisvara and Pratigandabhairava.²³ She dates the battle to 1368, between the Akkalapundi grant, in which Kapaya is still alive, and the Inavolu inscription.²³

According to the Inavolu inscription, on 19 July 1369 Anapota was ruling Orugallu (Warangal), Tribhuvanagiri (Bhongir), Rajukonda and Singavaram and the rest of the Telugu country.¹ He was then on a campaign of conquest.¹ Epigraphia Telanganica places Kapaya’s death after this record, in the second half of 1369.⁴⁴ See the Inavolu inscription.

Mada’s Devarakonda is less well recorded. His inscription at Umamahesvaram, the northern gateway of Srisailam, records a stone pavilion he built for the god Mahesvara in early 1377.²²³⁵ An undated record at the Krishna ferry of Jatararevu credits him with a flight of steps on the pilgrims’ road to Srisailam.⁴⁵

His son Venna moved from Devarakonda to rule Kandikonda (Skandadri), near Mahabubabad, where his record of 1375 survives.⁶ See the Umamahesvaram inscription and the Kandikonda inscription.

The brothers’ southern neighbours were the Reddi kings of Kondavidu. The chronicle claims that they defeated the Reddi king Anapota at Dharanikota about 1361.⁴⁶⁴⁷ J. Ramayya noted in 1906 that an inscription at Amaravati of the same year names that king’s minister.⁴⁶ Robert Sewell recorded the victory under 1361.⁴⁷

Epigraphia Telanganica, also following the chronicle, adds a later war.⁴⁴⁴⁸ In it Mada drove the Reddi Anavema back from Vadapalli, and made the Krishna the southern border of the kingdom.⁴⁴⁴⁸ See the Reddis of Kondavidu.

Between the Bahmanis and Vijayanagara

Which Telugu ruler fought the first Bahmani sultans after Kapaya’s death is disputed. In Ferishta’s account, which Haig also tells, the Raja of Telingana sent his son Vinaik Dew to recover Kaulas from Muhammad Shah I, lost him, and later gave up Golconda.⁴⁹ The page on Kapaya Nayaka gives these wars to him. Epigraphia Telanganica gives them to Anapota.⁴⁸ So does the census survey of 1964, which says that Anapota gave up Golconda fort and courted the Bahmani sultans.¹⁰ See Kapaya Nayaka and the Bahmanis.

Talbot describes a long alliance of the Recherla Nayakas with the Bahmanis against the Reddis, who generally worked with Vijayanagara.⁵⁰ In her account the alliance broke when the Kondavidu Reddis went over to the Bahmanis.⁵⁰ The Recherlas then joined Vijayanagara and the Rajahmundry Reddis.⁵⁰ This coalition won a great battle at Panugal in 1419.⁵⁰

The Persian histories show the “Raja of Telingana” on both sides.³²⁵¹ Ferishta says that in AH 820 (1417; AH is the Islamic way of counting years) Firuz Shah demanded several years’ arrears of tribute from him, and was paid.³²⁵¹ When Firuz besieged Pangul, Ferishta says, the Vijayanagara king Dew Ray relieved it with help from “all the surrounding princes, including the Raja of Tulingana”.³²⁵¹

Wolseley Haig, writing in 1928, describes the same events.⁵²⁵³ He calls them an expedition of 1417 to collect tribute and an “offensive alliance” between Vira Vijaya of Vijayanagara and the raja of Telingana.⁵²⁵³

The new alliance cost the Telugu kingdom dear. When Ahmad Shah marched on Vijayanagara, according to Ferishta, the Ray of Wurungole joined Dew Ray.⁵⁴⁵⁵⁵⁶ He then withdrew his troops before the battle.⁵⁴⁵⁵⁵⁶ In AH 828 (1424–25) Ahmad punished him.⁵⁴⁵⁵⁵⁶ His general Khan Azim took Warangal, and the Ray was killed in the action.⁵⁴⁵⁵⁵⁶ The rest of Telingana was conquered in four months, apart from “some strong posts in possession of the deceased Ray’s heirs”.⁵⁴⁵⁵⁵⁶

Haig puts the capture of Warangal at the end of 1424.⁵⁷⁵⁸ The Burhan-i Ma’asir, as translated by J. S. King, describes the time after Ahmad Shah took Warangal.³³ It says that “the Rayas of Devarkonda and Rajkonda”, afraid of his army, sent envoys with presents and agreed to pay tribute.³³ None of these histories names the Ray of Warangal.

Learning and literature

The king Singabhupala, son of Anapota, wrote the Rasarnavasudhakara, a work in three chapters on the theory of drama.⁵⁹⁶⁰ Its editor, T. Ganapati Sastri, judged that there was no work on dramaturgy (the art of drama) “so comprehensive and at the same time so simple”.⁵⁹ Its opening verses say that the author ruled the land between the Vindhyas and Srisailam from Rajachala, the capital of his line.⁶⁰

The family’s inscriptions were composed by learned Brahmins.¹³⁵ Naganatha, son of Pasupati, wrote the Inavolu verses.¹ Mayi-bhattopadhyaya wrote the Umamahesvaram record.³⁵ Ravu Madhava, Singabhupala’s son, wrote a commentary on the Ramayana, the Raghaviya, in 1427.⁶¹ See Singabhupala and the Devalanagaram inscription of Nagamba.

Later tradition gathers famous names around a king called Sarvajna Singa, “the all-knowing”. The Vaishnava Guruparamparaprabhava says that Nainaracharya, the son of Vedanta Desika, went to the court of Singama Nayadu.⁶² There he defeated the scholar Sakalyamalla.⁶² Verses attributed to Srinatha are said to have been composed when he visited the court of “the Velama ruler Sarvagna Singa Bhupala”.⁶³

A story tells that Bammera Potana wrote the Bhoginidandakamu for this king’s mistress, but refused to dedicate his Telugu Bhagavata to him.⁶⁴⁶⁵⁶⁶ H. H. Wilson (1828) tells it, as do P. Chenchiah and M. Bhujanga Rao (1928) and the family histories.⁶⁴⁶⁵⁶⁶ No inscription of the family mentions either poet. The sources disagree on which Singa was the patron, and even on who wrote the Bhoginidandakamu.⁶⁴⁶⁵⁶⁶ See Bammera Potana.

The last century

Little is known of the Rachakonda kings after Singabhupala. The census survey of 1964 says that Anapota II and Kumara Madhava turned from the Bahmanis to Vijayanagara.¹⁰ It says that a later king, Singama III, allied with Lingama of Devarakonda, Vijayanagara and Kapilesvara Gajapati of Orissa, and took Warangal.¹⁰ But the Bahmani sultan Ahmad Shah drove him to Bellamkonda, where he died.¹⁰ With him, the survey says, the line ended.¹⁰

The Devarakonda line is better recorded.¹⁹⁶⁷ Two tank inscriptions of 1427 at Sarikonda and Charikonda trace Lingama Nayaka from Mada through Peda Vedagiri.¹⁹⁶⁷ Epigraphia Telanganica gives Lingama a reign to 1475.⁶⁸ In 1464 Dharma-ravu, a great-grandson of Anapota, gave the villages of Muccerla and Mada near Warangal to a temple and to Brahmin donees.²³⁶⁹ See the Sayampeta inscription.

Devarakonda was still independent in 1459, when a Bahmani army sent by Humayun Shah besieged it.³⁴⁷⁰⁷¹ Ferishta says the fort belonged to a zemindar (landholder) of Telingana.³⁴⁷⁰ The defenders bought the help of the Raja of Orissa.³⁴⁷⁰⁷¹ The besiegers were routed and chased for eighty miles.³⁴⁷⁰⁷¹ The Nizam’s Archaeological Department suggested in its report for 1934–35 that the Orissan army went on to take Warangal from the Bahmanis.⁷² No source read for this page dates the end of Velama rule at Rachakonda or Devarakonda.

Both forts were in the hands of local chiefs early in the sixteenth century.⁷³⁷⁴ At that time Sultan Quli Qutb Shah of Golconda stormed “Rajconda”, taking its raja “Venkutty Naig” prisoner.⁷³⁷⁴ He then took Devarakonda after a long siege.⁷³⁷⁴ See Sultan Quli.

The Velugoti family of Venkatagiri

Several Velama families of the later Andhra country traced their descent from the Recherla chiefs.⁴⁷⁵ Among them were the Rajas of Venkatagiri, Pithapuram, Bobbili and Jatprole.⁴⁷⁵

The Venkatagiri family history says that its line moved from Devarakonda to Velugodu in the Kurnool district in the time of Krishnadeva Raya.⁷⁶⁷⁷ Then Nirvana Rayappa Naidu defended Velugodu for the Vijayanagara king.⁷⁶⁷⁷ He won the white umbrella, veli-godugu, that gave the family its later name, Velugoti.⁷⁶⁷⁷ Their history belongs to the Vijayanagara period.

Evidence and disagreements

• The two Recherla families. Parabrahma Sastry and Talbot distinguish the Recherla Reddi generals of the thirteenth century from the Velama Recherlas of the fourteenth.¹¹¹² The Velugoti family history of 1922 makes them one family.¹³
• Kapaya Nayaka’s end. Yashoda Devi has him killed by Anapota at Bhimavaram about 1368, before the Inavolu inscription.³ Epigraphia Telanganica places his death in the second half of 1369, after it.⁴⁴ A verse in the 1910 chronicle says that Singa defeated Kapaya.⁷⁸⁷⁹ The same chronicle lists a victory near Bhimavaram over “Kaparaju” among the deeds of the later Lingama Nayaka.⁷⁸⁷⁹
• The wars with the first Bahmanis and the cession of Golconda. Haig and the page on the Musunuri Nayakas give them to Kapaya Nayaka.⁴⁹ Epigraphia Telanganica and the census survey give them to Anapota.⁴⁸¹⁰
• Jallipalli. Yashoda Devi places it in the Chintakunta taluk of the Mahbubnagar district.³⁸ Epigraphia Telanganica takes it for Jallepalle in the Khammam district, where a later rock inscription names a Dachanayaka ruling from Jallipalli.²¹
• The steps to Srisailam. The Rasarnavasudhakara credits them to Anapota, and the Jatararevu inscription to Mada.²⁷⁴⁸
• Which Singa? In the poem itself the author of the Rasarnavasudhakara is the son of Anapota.^780811082 Seshagiri Sastri’s printed source made him a Singa of the tenth generation, and dated him about 1330.⁸⁰ Ramanatha Ayyar and the census survey identify him with Singa II (about 1380, or 1384–1399).⁸¹¹⁰ The 1910 chronicle gives the title Sarvajna and Potana’s poem to a later Singa.⁸²
• Lingama’s parentage. The Sarikonda inscription of 1427 makes him the son of Vedagiri II.¹⁹ The Charikonda inscription of 1427 and the 1910 chronicle make him Vedagiri’s brother.⁶⁷⁸³
• The Sayampeta donor. The Corpus (Wg. 18) makes him a great-grandson of Anapota through Pedda-Singama, whose father was Vennama or Pinnama.⁶⁹ The same editor elsewhere took him for a son of Venna of Kandikonda.⁶⁸⁴

Footnotes

1. Sreenivasachar (ed.), Corpus, Part III (1956), p. 119, No. Wg. 1 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷ ↩⁸ ↩⁹ ↩¹⁰ ↩¹¹ ↩¹² ↩¹³ ↩¹⁴ ↩¹⁵ ↩¹⁶ ↩¹⁷

2. Yashoda Devi, After the Kakatiyas (1975), p. 64. Cite-only; paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷ ↩⁸ ↩⁹

3. Yashoda Devi, After the Kakatiyas (1975), p. 65. Cite-only; paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷ ↩⁸ ↩⁹ ↩¹⁰

4. Parabrahma Sastry, The Kakatiyas of Warangal (1978), p. 166. Cite-only; paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷

5. N. Venkataramanayya, “Rajahmundry Museum Plates of the Telugu Choda Annadeva”, Epigraphia Indica XXVI (1941–42), p. 19 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³

6. P. Sreenivasachar (ed.), A Corpus of Inscriptions in the Telingana Districts of Andhra Pradesh, Part III (1956), p. 5, No. Km. 3 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶

7. T. Ganapati Sastri, preface to Singabhupala, The Rasarnavasudhakara (Trivandrum Sanskrit Series No. L, 1916), p. i (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

8. V. Yashoda Devi, After the Kakatiyas (1975), p. 52 and note 107. Cite-only; paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶

9. Parabrahma Sastry, The Kakatiyas of Warangal (1978), p. 164. Cite-only; paraphrased. ↩

10. A. Chandra Sekhar (ed.), Census of India 1961, Vol. II, Part VII-B (20): Fairs and Festivals, Nalgonda District (1964), Section I (Nalgonda taluk), entry “Rajkonda” (PDF p. 23) (censusindia.gov.in↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷ ↩⁸ ↩⁹

11. P. V. Parabrahma Sastry, The Kakatiyas of Warangal (1978), p. 143. Cite-only; paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

12. Cynthia Talbot, Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra (2001), p. 177. Cite-only; paraphrased. ↩ ↩²

13. Jagannatha Sastri, Family History of Venkatagiri Rajas (1922), pp. 2–3 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

14. Jagannatha Sastri, Family History of Venkatagiri Rajas (1922), p. 4 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

15. Jagannatha Sastri, Family History of Venkatagiri Rajas (1922), pp. 5–6 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

16. J. Ramayya, “Madras Museum Plates of Vema, A.D. 1345”, Epigraphia Indica VIII (1905–06), p. 11 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

17. Chilukuri Veerabhadra Rao, Andhrula Charitramu, Part II (1912), p. 273 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Telugu; paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

18. Veerabhadra Rao, Andhrula Charitramu, Part II (1912), p. 274 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Telugu; paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

19. Epigraphia Telanganica, vol. 4 (2023), pp. 33–34, No. 17. Cite-only; paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

20. Epigraphia Telanganica, vol. 4 (2023), pp. 17–18, Racherla Velamas, Nos. 1–3. Cite-only; paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶

21. Epigraphia Telanganica, vol. 4 (2023), pp. 39–41, Nos. 25–29. Cite-only; paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³

22. Sreenivasachar (ed.), Corpus, Part III (1956), p. 72, No. Mn. 35 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³

23. Sreenivasachar (ed.), Corpus, Part III (1956), p. 161, No. Wg. 18 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³

24. Sadasiva Sastri, Velugotivari Vamsacaritramu (1910), appendix, pp. 26–27, inscriptions Nos. 5 and 6 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Telugu; paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

25. Sadasiva Sastri, Velugotivari Vamsacaritramu (1910), appendix, pp. 43–45 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Sanskrit; paraphrased. ↩

26. Singabhupala, The Rasarnavasudhakara, ed. T. Ganapati Sastri (1916), p. 1, verses 5–6 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrase ours. ↩ ↩² ↩³

27. Singabhupala, Rasarnavasudhakara, ed. Ganapati Sastri (1916), p. 4, verses 21–27 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrase ours. ↩ ↩²

28. Venkataramanayya, “Rajahmundry Museum Plates of Annadeva”, Epigraphia Indica XXVI (1941–42), p. 24 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³

29. Sadasiva Sastri, Velugotivari Vamsacaritramu (1910), introduction, pp. 60–61 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Telugu; paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³

30. Jagannatha Sastri, Family History of Venkatagiri Rajas (1922), pp. 15–16 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

31. Parabrahma Sastry, The Kakatiyas of Warangal (1978), p. 165. Cite-only; paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

32. Muhammad Qasim Ferishta, tr. John Briggs, History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India, Vol. II (1829), p. 389 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶

33. J. S. King, The History of the Bahmani Dynasty, founded on the Burhan-i Ma’asir (1900), p. 52 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

34. Ferishta, tr. Briggs, Vol. II (1829), p. 456 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷

35. Sreenivasachar (ed.), Corpus, Part III (1956), p. 73, No. Mn. 35 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

36. Yashoda Devi, After the Kakatiyas (1975), p. 53. Cite-only; paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

37. Singabhupala, Rasarnavasudhakara, ed. Ganapati Sastri (1916), p. 2, verse 12 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrase ours. ↩

38. Yashoda Devi, After the Kakatiyas (1975), p. 63 and note 124. Cite-only; paraphrased. ↩ ↩²

39. Vellala Sadasiva Sastri, Velugotivari Vamsacaritramu (1910), pp. 28–29 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Telugu; paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³

40. Jagannatha Sastri, Family History of Venkatagiri Rajas (1922), p. 18 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

41. Sadasiva Sastri, Velugotivari Vamsacaritramu (1910), pp. 30–31 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Telugu; paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³

42. Sadasiva Sastri, Velugotivari Vamsacaritramu (1910), pp. 32–33 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Telugu; paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³

43. Sadasiva Sastri, Velugotivari Vamsacaritramu (1910), appendix, pp. 28–29, inscriptions Nos. 7 and 8 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Telugu; paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³

44. Epigraphia Telanganica, vol. 4 (2023), p. 26, No. 10. Cite-only; paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

45. Epigraphia Telanganica, vol. 4 (2023), pp. 22–23, No. 10. Cite-only; paraphrased. ↩

46. Ramayya, “Madras Museum Plates of Vema”, Epigraphia Indica VIII (1905–06), p. 12 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

47. Robert Sewell, The Historical Inscriptions of Southern India (1932), p. 195 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩²

48. Epigraphia Telanganica, vol. 4 (2023), pp. 27–28, No. 10. Cite-only; paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

49. Wolseley Haig (ed.), The Cambridge History of India, Vol. III (1928), pp. 378–380 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

50. Talbot, Precolonial India in Practice (2001), p. 180. Cite-only; paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

51. Ferishta, tr. Briggs, Vol. II (1829), p. 390 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

52. Haig, Cambridge History of India, Vol. III (1928), p. 393 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

53. Haig, Cambridge History of India, Vol. III (1928), p. 394 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

54. Ferishta, tr. Briggs, Vol. II (1829), p. 400 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

55. Ferishta, tr. Briggs, Vol. II (1829), p. 401 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

56. Ferishta, tr. Briggs, Vol. II (1829), p. 406 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

57. Haig, Cambridge History of India, Vol. III (1928), p. 396 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

58. Haig, Cambridge History of India, Vol. III (1928), p. 399 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

59. Ganapati Sastri, preface to The Rasarnavasudhakara (1916), p. ii (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

60. Singabhupala, Rasarnavasudhakara, ed. Ganapati Sastri (1916), p. 7, verses 40–42 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrase ours. ↩ ↩²

61. Sadasiva Sastri, Velugotivari Vamsacaritramu (1910), appendix, pp. 44–45 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Sanskrit; paraphrased. ↩

62. M. Seshagiri Sastri, Report on a Search for Sanskrit and Tamil Manuscripts for the Year 1896-97, No. 1 (1898), p. 4 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

63. S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar, Sources of Vijayanagar History (1919), p. 61 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

64. H. H. Wilson, The Mackenzie Collection, Vol. I (1828), p. 321 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

65. P. Chenchiah and Raja M. Bhujanga Rao, A History of Telugu Literature (1928), p. 64 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

66. Jagannatha Sastri, Family History of Venkatagiri Rajas (1922), p. 30 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

67. Epigraphia Telanganica, vol. 4 (2023), p. 35, No. 19. Cite-only; paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³

68. Gajjala Vasanta Lakshmi (ed.), Epigraphia Telanganica, vol. 4 (2023), p. 11, list of rulers. Cite-only; paraphrased. ↩

69. Sreenivasachar (ed.), Corpus, Part III (1956), p. 162, No. Wg. 18 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩²

70. Ferishta, tr. Briggs, Vol. II (1829), pp. 457–458 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

71. Gordon Mackenzie, A Manual of the Kistna District (1883), p. 17 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

72. Annual Report of the Archaeological Department of His Exalted Highness the Nizam’s Dominions, 1344 F. (1934-35) (1938), p. 30 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩

73. Ferishta, tr. Briggs, Rise of the Mahomedan Power, Vol. III (1829), p. 354 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

74. Ferishta, tr. Briggs, Vol. III (1829), p. 355 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

75. Alladi Jagannatha Sastri, A Family History of Venkatagiri Rajas (1922), p. 2 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

76. Jagannatha Sastri, Family History of Venkatagiri Rajas (1922), pp. 33–34 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

77. Jagannatha Sastri, Family History of Venkatagiri Rajas (1922), pp. 34–35 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

78. Sadasiva Sastri, Velugotivari Vamsacaritramu (1910), pp. 56–57 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Telugu; paraphrased. ↩ ↩²

79. Sadasiva Sastri, Velugotivari Vamsacaritramu (1910), pp. 58–59 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Telugu verse; paraphrased. ↩ ↩²

80. Seshagiri Sastri, Report on a Search for Sanskrit and Tamil Manuscripts (1898), pp. 8–9 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

81. A. S. Ramanatha Ayyar, “Conjeeveram Inscription of Brahma-tantra-svatantra-Jiyar: Saka 1282”, Epigraphia Indica XXV (1939–40), p. 323 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩²

82. Sadasiva Sastri, Velugotivari Vamsacaritramu (1910), introduction, pp. 64–65 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Telugu; paraphrased. ↩ ↩²

83. Sadasiva Sastri, Velugotivari Vamsacaritramu (1910), pp. 54–55 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Telugu; paraphrased. ↩

84. Epigraphia Telanganica, vol. 4 (2023), pp. 37–38, Nos. 22–23. Cite-only; paraphrased. ↩