Western Chalukyas of Kalyani

The Western Chalukyas of Kalyani were a dynasty of the western Deccan, and the name is the one J. F. Fleet gave them.¹ From the time of Somesvara I their capital was Kalyana, the modern Kalyani in Karnataka.¹

They matter to the history of the Telugu country for three reasons:²³⁴⁵

• Telangana was part of their kingdom for nearly two centuries.²³⁴⁵ It was governed through feudatory chiefs (local chiefs who served the king), among them the early Kakatiyas.²³⁴⁵ It was also governed through princes and officers of the royal house at Kollipake, the modern Kolanupaka.²³⁴⁵
• They fought the Cholas and the Eastern Chalukyas for Vengi, and Vikramaditya VI was recognised as king on the Godavari late in his reign.²³⁴⁵
• Their decline in the 1150s allowed the Kakatiyas to become sovereign (fully independent).²³⁴⁵

The dynasty in brief

The dynasty began when Taila II overthrew Kakka II, the last Rashtrakuta king of Malkhed, in 973.⁶⁷ The records represent the new kings as direct descendants of the Chalukyas of Badami.¹ Fleet doubted it, because they spell the family name differently and allot too few generations to the gap.¹ Taila’s son Satyasraya succeeded at the end of 997, and his nephews Vikramaditya V and Jayasimha II followed.⁸⁹¹⁰

Somesvara I made Kalyana the capital.^11121314 His eldest son Somesvara II succeeded him in 1068.^11121314 His brother Vikramaditya VI deposed him in 1076 and reigned for fifty years.^11121314

Somesvara III (1126–1138) and his sons Jagadekamalla II and Taila III followed.¹⁵¹⁶¹⁷ Under Taila III the Kalachuri general Bijjala took over the kingdom between 1156 and 1162.⁵¹⁸¹⁹ Taila’s son Somesvara IV revived the dynasty in 1183, and his latest date is 25 December 1189.⁵¹⁸¹⁹

According to the Imperial Gazetteer of Hyderabad (1909), the Chalukyan dynasty was restored about 973 and kept its position for nearly 200 years.²²⁰ It did so “in spite of fierce struggles with the Cholas and Hoysalas of Dorasamudra”.²²⁰ The gazetteer adds: “The Chalukya power fell about 1189 to the Hoysalas and Yadavas”.²²⁰ The Madras volume of the same gazetteer (1908) says that they were “finally overthrown by two of their own feudatories, the Yadavas of Deogiri and the Hoysalas of Dorasamudra”.²¹

Taila II and Telangana

The new dynasty took over the Rashtrakuta lands in Telangana. An inscription at Korapolu in the Medak district is dated in the reign of Ahavamalla Taila II.²² P. B. Desai equated its date with 10 April 973.²² It shows Taila’s feudatory Soma Permadi ruling from Korapolu.²² See the Korapolu inscription.

Fleet told the story of the Paramara king Munja’s last war against Taila.⁸ In it Munja crossed the Godavari, “which is said to have formed the northern boundary of Taila’s kingdom”.⁸

P. V. Parabrahma Sastry dated the earliest record of Taila II near Anumakonda (Hanamkonda) to 995, at Jammikunta. He argued that the Kakatiya chief Gunda IV, a Rashtrakuta subordinate, refused to submit to Taila.²³ In his account, a chief with Taila’s support killed Gunda.²³ So, he argued, Taila rooted out the last of Rashtrakuta influence in Telangana.²³ See the Rashtrakutas.

Subordinate chiefs in Telangana

Parabrahma Sastry described Telangana under the Chalukyas of Kalyani as a patchwork of feudatory states around the Kakatiya fief (land held from the king) of Anumakonda. In his account, the Chalukya chiefs of Mudigonda held the east, in the Khammam country. The Polavasa chiefs held the north-west, in the Karimnagar country, and the Telugu Choda chiefs of Kandur held the south. The country to the west of Anumakonda was under the king’s direct control, administered from Kolanupaka.²⁴

• The Kakatiyas. Beta I and Prola I served Somesvara I.²⁵ Prola obtained the Anumakonda district from him as a permanent fief.²⁵ Beta II, who bore Vikramaditya VI’s title Tribhuvanamalla, received the Sabbi thousand district from that king.²⁶²⁷²⁸ The Padmakshi temple inscription of 1117 shows his son Prola II ruling at Anumakonda as Vikramaditya’s feudatory.²⁶²⁷²⁸
• The Polavasa chiefs. Medaraja and his family were Jainas with their capital at Polavasa.²⁹³⁰ They held a fief from Polavasa to Narasampet.²⁹³⁰ Parabrahma Sastry found them naming the Chalukya king in only two of their records.²⁹³⁰ He argued that their disloyalty led Prola II and Rudradeva to attack them.²⁹³⁰
• The Kandur Chodas. A Telugu Choda family with capitals at Kodur and Panugallu held the Kandurunadu country from about 1060 to 1160.³¹³² This country lay in the Mahbubnagar and Nalgonda country.³¹³² Parabrahma Sastry read the Ollala inscription as saying that Choda Bhima II obtained Kandurunadu from Vikramaditya VI.³¹³² One of the family, Tondarasa Choda-Maharaja of Kandur, was ruling the Kollipake seven-thousand province in 1088.³³
• The Mudigonda or Bottu chiefs. Parabrahma Sastry dated their possession of Koravi under the Chalukyas of Kalyani from about 1000.³⁴ See the Chalukyas of Vemulavada and Mudigonda.

Other feudatories appear in the Kannada records, among them the mandalika (local lord) Duggarasa, lord of the Natavadi region, with his wife Muppama in 1104.³⁵ At Alampur the records name the Choda chiefs Chiddana and Irugana, the Vaidumba chief Malla-Maharaja and the lord of Kodur, Mallarasa.^36373839

The Kollipake province and the princes

Fleet named Kollipake as a minor capital of Jayasimha II, but he could not identify it.⁴⁰ The inscriptions found at Kolanupaka showed that Kollipake was that place.³ Parabrahma Sastry described it as the seat of a province of seven thousand villages.⁴¹ Viceroys of the rank of mahamandalesvara (great provincial lord) governed it.⁴¹

A grant of 1033, of the time of Jagadekamalla I, lies in the Kollipake seven-thousand district.³³ See the Kolanupaka inscription of Tondarasa. Its later governors included:³⁴²³³

• the Choda chief Tondarasa (1088)³³
• the Paramara prince Jagaddeva of Malwa, whom Vikramaditya VI treated as his own son (1104)⁴²
• the king’s son Somesvara, the future Somesvara III, who called it “his capital” in 1125³

See the Kolanupaka inscription of Jagaddeva and the pillar of Kumara Somesvara.

Another son of Vikramaditya VI, Kumara Tailapa, governed the Kandur thousand district from his capital Kolur from at least 1110.⁴³⁴⁴ He issued regulations for its towns.⁴³⁴⁴

Somesvara III was crowned on 20 February 1127.⁴⁵⁴⁶⁴⁰ An inscription at Patancheru records a grant made that day.⁴⁵⁴⁶ Desai took it to identify Patancheru with Pottalakere.⁴⁵⁴⁶ Fleet had placed Pottalakere in the Ballari (then Bellary) district.⁴⁰ See the Patancheru inscription.

The contest for Vengi

From the reign of Satyasraya the Western Chalukyas fought the Cholas, who had become the overlords of the Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi. Robert Sewell noted an inscription of Satyasraya at Chebrolu, in the Guntur district, dated 1006.⁴⁷ He took it to disprove the Chola claim to have conquered the whole of Satyasraya’s country.⁴⁷

In an inscription of 1017–18, the Chola Rajendra I claims to have taken Kollippakkai from the Western Chalukya king.⁴⁸ An editor’s note in Sewell’s book identifies it with Kulpak (Kolanupaka).⁴⁸

Under Somesvara I, relations with Vengi were at first friendly.⁴⁹ A daughter of one of his ministers made a gift at Draksharama in 1055–56.⁴⁹ His eldest son was styled “lord of Vengi” in 1053.¹¹⁵⁰ His fourth son, Vishnuvardhana-Vijayaditya, was styled “lord of the province of Vengi”.¹¹⁵⁰

The Chola inscriptions of Virarajendra say that an army Somesvara sent into the Vengi country was destroyed.⁵¹ They say that his sons Vikramaditya and Jayasimha were defeated at Kudalasangamam.⁵¹ They add that Virarajendra then marched to Vengi, fought at Vijayawada (then Bezwada) and gave Vengi to Vijayaditya VII.⁵² Sewell thought the capture of Vengi unlikely.⁵¹⁵²

The Godavari district gazetteer (1907) says that Vikramaditya twice invaded Vengi, but the Chola king defeated him.⁵³ Bilhana, the poet of Vikramaditya’s court, credits him as a prince with conquering “Vengi, the capital of the Eastern Chalukyas”.¹²¹³ Bilhana credits him with later defeating “Rajiga, the lord of Vengi”, the future Kulottunga I, before he took his brother’s throne in 1076.¹²¹³

Late in his reign Vikramaditya VI was recognised in Vengi. The Chola viceroy Vikrama Chola left for the south in 1118.⁵⁴ Then an inscription of 18 December 1118 shows Vikramaditya ruling “the Vengi 14000 country”.⁵⁴ The Velanadu chief Rajendra-Choda, who governed part of Vengi, accepted him as overlord.⁵⁴

A Kannada record of the same month at Kommuru, in the Guntur district, has the general Anantapalayya ruling “Vengi fourteen-thousand”.⁵⁵ An inscription of June 1126 at Tripurantakam has him ruling the Vengi twelve-thousand, while his nephew Govinda ruled the Kondapalli three-hundred.⁵⁶ See the Tripurantakam inscription of Anantapala. Records at Draksharama show Vikramaditya reigning there in 1120–22 and 1123–24.⁵⁷⁵⁸

The Godavari gazetteer says that “from 1120 to 1124 Vikramaditya was undisputed king of Vengi”.⁴ Sewell found Vikrama Chola supreme again south of the Krishna by 1127.⁵⁹ But Sewell also cited a record of Somesvara III of 1129 in the Palnad taluk.⁵⁹

Parabrahma Sastry mentions a battle in 1135 on the banks of the Godavari between the Western Chalukya forces and local chiefs.⁶⁰ Lakshmana, governor of Venginadu, took part in it.⁶⁰ In 1896 Fleet explained the Vikramaditya VI inscriptions at Draksharama and elsewhere in the Telugu country by a late campaign against Kanchi, described by Bilhana.⁶¹

The kingdom also reached into Rayalaseema. The Manual of the Kurnool District (1886) says a Vikrama inscription at Tripurantakam shows its limit “extended as far at least as the eastern boundary of the present Kurnool District”.⁶² Sewell cited records of Vikramaditya VI in the Anantapur district (1113, 1121) and the Kurnool district (1122).⁶³⁵⁷⁵⁸ He also cited a subordinate, Atyana-Chola-Maharaja, governing the Renadu country of the Kadapa (then Cuddapah) district in 1124.⁶³⁵⁷⁵⁸ See the Telugu Cholas of Renadu.

The Chalukya-Vikrama era

Vikramaditya VI replaced the Saka era (a way of counting years) with his own Chalukya-Vikrama era, counted from the first year of his reign, 1076–77. Fleet found that nearly all records of his reign are dated in it.⁶⁴¹⁸ He found that his successors and some feudatories tried to keep it in use.⁶⁴¹⁸ The last instance he knew is of the ninety-fourth year, 1169–70.⁶⁴¹⁸

Most of the Telangana records of the reign are dated in it, from year 2 (1078) at Alampur to year 50 (1125) at Kolanupaka.³⁷³ Parabrahma Sastry noted that the Kandur Chodas dated their records in it while Vikramaditya lived.⁶⁵⁶⁶ He also noted that Kumara Tailapa dated a record of 1137 in its sixtieth year.⁶⁵⁶⁶

Inscriptions in the Telugu country

The main collection is P. Sreenivasachar’s Kannada Inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh, published in 1961 with English summaries by P. B. Desai. Besides Korapolu, Kolanupaka and Patancheru, it summarises Western Chalukya records at these places:^{4643446768693570}

• Bodhan (1056)
• Vemulavada (1083 to 1108)
• Alavanipalli, Avancha, Nekkonda and Gangapuram in the Kandur country
• Alladurgam and Dakur in the Medak district
• Nidikonda and Khajipet near Hanamkonda
• Alampur, where about twenty records of Somesvara I, Somesvara II and Vikramaditya VI record gifts to the god Brahmesvara^{4643446768693570}

See the Bodhan inscription, the Gangapuram inscription of 1091 and the Alampur inscription of 1073. The 1956 Corpus of Inscriptions in the Telingana Districts, Part III, printed estampages (ink copies) of the dynasty’s inscriptions as Plates 33 and 34.⁷¹ One is from Gangapuram and two are from Alampur.⁷¹

The 1961 volume also covers places in the old Hyderabad State that are now in Karnataka, outside the Telugu country.⁷²⁷³⁷⁴ They include Nagai, with an endowment of 1058 for a college of two hundred students of the Vedas.⁷²⁷³⁷⁴ They also include Sedam, Aland and Kalyani itself.⁷²⁷³⁷⁴ Fleet noted that the Chalukya capital at Kalyani shows “no ancient remains”.¹

Decline and the Kakatiya independence

Fleet thought that under Taila III “a serious blow to the Western Chalukya power was dealt by the Kakatiya prince Prola”.⁵ According to Rudradeva’s inscription of 1163, Prola captured “the glorious Tailapadeva, the ornament of the Chalukyas” and let him go.⁵ The Kalachuri Bijjala, commander of the army, then took the kingdom between 1156 and 1162.⁵

P. V. Parabrahma Sastry argued instead that the captive was Kumara Tailapa, captured in Jagadekamalla II’s campaign of about 1138–1141.⁷⁵⁷⁶⁷⁷ He also argued that the Kakatiyas never revolted against the Chalukyas.⁷⁵⁷⁶⁷⁷ He added that no record of Taila III or of Bijjala is found in Telangana.⁷⁵⁷⁶⁷⁷

On his reading, Rudradeva took more than a decade, from 1150 to 1162, to establish his authority over the chiefs of Telangana.⁷⁸⁷⁹ He argued that Rudradeva proclaimed his sovereignty, with modest titles, only when no rightful claimant to the Chalukya throne came forward.⁷⁸⁷⁹ See the Kakatiyas.

By the end of 1189 the Yadava king Bhillama had secured the northern and eastern parts of the old Chalukya kingdom, and the Hoysalas took the south.¹⁹²⁰

Evidence and disagreements

• The date of 973. Fleet placed Taila’s success soon after June 973, the last date he knew for Kakka II.⁷ The Korapolu inscription, if Desai’s equation of its date with 10 April 973 is right, already counts the Medak country as Taila’s.²²
• Kalyani as an earlier capital. The Imperial Gazetteer of Hyderabad gives the Chalukyas of Badami a capital at Kalyani.² Fleet called that idea “a pure mistake”, since Kalyana first appears as a capital in 1053, under Somesvara I.⁸⁰
• Kollipake and Pottalakere. Fleet could not identify Kollipake and placed Pottalakere in the Ballari district.⁴⁰ Desai identified them with Kolanupaka and Patancheru.⁴⁶³
• Kudalasangamam. Fleet in 1896 placed the battle at the junction of the Tungabhadra and the Krishna.¹³ Sewell reports Fleet’s later view, near Khidrapur on the Krishna.⁵¹ He also reports a theory placing it at the meeting of the Tunga and the Bhadra.⁵¹ And he reports S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar’s view, at the Krishna–Tungabhadra junction in the Kurnool district.⁵¹
• Vengi under Vikramaditya VI. The Godavari gazetteer gives 1120–1124.⁴ Sewell’s records run from December 1118 to 1126.⁵⁴⁸¹
• Who was Jagaddeva? Parabrahma Sastry and the 1961 summaries make the Jagaddeva who governed Kollipake and later attacked Anumakonda a Paramara prince of Malwa.⁴²⁸² Fleet took the besieger of Anumakonda to be a Santara chief of that name.⁸³
• Prola II’s captive. Fleet and the Hyderabad gazetteer say it was Taila III.⁵⁸⁴ H. Krishna Sastri (1908) allowed that Prola might have fought Taila “while the latter was yet a prince”.²⁸ Parabrahma Sastry says it was Kumara Tailapa.⁷⁶
• Taila III in Telangana. Parabrahma Sastry found no Telangana record of Taila III.⁷⁵ But Desai’s summaries list two Medak-district records of a king Trailokyamalla Taila, one dated 1152.⁶⁸²²
• Numbering. Fleet’s Jayasimha II and III are Sewell’s Jayasimha III and IV.¹⁰⁸⁵

Footnotes

1. Fleet, “Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts” (1896), p. 427 and note 3 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

2. Imperial Gazetteer of India, Provincial Series: Hyderabad State (1909), p. 10 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷ ↩⁸ ↩⁹ ↩¹⁰

3. Desai, Kannada Inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh (1961), p. 17, Nos. 45–46 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased except for the short phrase quoted. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷ ↩⁸ ↩⁹ ↩¹⁰ ↩¹¹

4. Hemingway, Godavari (1907), p. 22 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷ ↩⁸

5. Fleet, “Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts” (1896), p. 462 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷ ↩⁸ ↩⁹ ↩¹⁰ ↩¹¹ ↩¹²

6. J. F. Fleet, “Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts”, Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency I, pt. II (1896), p. 424 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

7. Fleet, “Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts” (1896), p. 426 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

8. Fleet, “Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts” (1896), p. 432 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

9. Fleet, “Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts” (1896), p. 434 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

10. Fleet, “Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts” (1896), p. 435 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

11. Fleet, “Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts” (1896), p. 440 and note 3 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

12. Fleet, “Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts” (1896), p. 442 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

13. Fleet, “Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts” (1896), p. 445 and note 1 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶

14. Fleet, “Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts” (1896), p. 446 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

15. Fleet, “Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts” (1896), p. 455 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

16. Fleet, “Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts” (1896), p. 456 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

17. Fleet, “Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts” (1896), p. 459 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

18. Fleet, “Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts” (1896), p. 463 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

19. Fleet, “Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts” (1896), p. 466 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

20. Imperial Gazetteer: Hyderabad State (1909), p. 11 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

21. Imperial Gazetteer of India, Provincial Series: Madras, Vol. I (1908), p. 16 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

22. Desai, Kannada Inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh (1961), p. 15, Nos. 41–42 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

23. P. V. Parabrahma Sastry, The Kakatiyas of Warangal (1978), p. 42. ↩ ↩² ↩³

24. Parabrahma Sastry, The Kakatiyas of Warangal (1978), p. 51. ↩

25. Parabrahma Sastry, The Kakatiyas of Warangal (1978), p. 45. ↩ ↩²

26. H. Krishna Sastri, “Anmakonda Inscription of Prola; the Chalukya-Vikrama Year Forty-Two”, Epigraphia Indica IX (1908), p. 258 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

27. Krishna Sastri, “Anmakonda Inscription of Prola” (1908), p. 259 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

28. Krishna Sastri, “Anmakonda Inscription of Prola” (1908), p. 260 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

29. Parabrahma Sastry, The Kakatiyas of Warangal (1978), p. 58. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

30. Parabrahma Sastry, The Kakatiyas of Warangal (1978), p. 63. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

31. Parabrahma Sastry, The Kakatiyas of Warangal (1978), p. 64. ↩ ↩² ↩³

32. Parabrahma Sastry, The Kakatiyas of Warangal (1978), p. 65. ↩ ↩² ↩³

33. Desai, Kannada Inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh (1961), p. 19, Nos. 49–52 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

34. Parabrahma Sastry, The Kakatiyas of Warangal (1978), p. 56. ↩

35. Desai, Kannada Inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh (1961), p. 25, Nos. 70–72 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³

36. Desai, Kannada Inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh (1961), p. 33, Nos. 83–86 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩

37. Desai, Kannada Inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh (1961), p. 34, Nos. 87–88 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩²

38. Desai, Kannada Inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh (1961), p. 35, Nos. 91–94 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩

39. Desai, Kannada Inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh (1961), p. 38, No. 109 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩

40. Fleet, “Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts” (1896), p. 437 and notes 5–6 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

41. Parabrahma Sastry, The Kakatiyas of Warangal (1978), p. 69. ↩ ↩²

42. Desai, Kannada Inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh (1961), p. 18, Nos. 46–48 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³

43. Desai, Kannada Inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh (1961), p. 6, Nos. 12–14 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

44. Desai, Kannada Inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh (1961), p. 7, Nos. 15–17 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

45. Desai, Kannada Inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh (1961), p. 4, No. 9 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³

46. Desai, Kannada Inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh (1961), p. 5, Nos. 9–11 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶

47. Robert Sewell, The Historical Inscriptions of Southern India (1932), p. 58 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩²

48. Sewell, Historical Inscriptions (1932), p. 62 and editor’s note (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩²

49. Sewell, Historical Inscriptions (1932), p. 75 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩²

50. Fleet, “Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts” (1896), p. 454 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

51. Sewell, Historical Inscriptions (1932), p. 79 and note 1 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶

52. Sewell, Historical Inscriptions (1932), p. 81 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩²

53. F. R. Hemingway, Madras District Gazetteers: Godavari, Vol. I (1907), p. 21 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

54. Sewell, Historical Inscriptions (1932), p. 96 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased except for the short phrase quoted. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

55. R. Shama Sastry (ed.), South-Indian Inscriptions IX, pt. I (1939), p. 191 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased except for the short phrase quoted. ↩

56. South-Indian Inscriptions IX, pt. I (1939), p. 214, No. 213 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩

57. Sewell, Historical Inscriptions (1932), p. 97 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³

58. Sewell, Historical Inscriptions (1932), p. 98 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³

59. Sewell, Historical Inscriptions (1932), p. 100 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩²

60. Parabrahma Sastry, The Kakatiyas of Warangal (1978), p. 79. ↩ ↩²

61. Fleet, “Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts” (1896), p. 453, note 1 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

62. Narahari Gopalakristnamah Chetty, A Manual of the Kurnool District (1886), p. 20 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

63. Sewell, Historical Inscriptions (1932), p. 94 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩²

64. Fleet, “Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts” (1896), p. 447 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

65. Parabrahma Sastry, The Kakatiyas of Warangal (1978), p. 82. ↩ ↩²

66. Parabrahma Sastry, The Kakatiyas of Warangal (1978), p. 83. ↩ ↩²

67. Desai, Kannada Inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh (1961), p. 12, No. 32 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩²

68. Desai, Kannada Inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh (1961), pp. 14–15, Nos. 39–40 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³

69. Desai, Kannada Inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh (1961), p. 20, Nos. 53–54 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩²

70. Desai, Kannada Inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh (1961), pp. 32–40, Nos. 80–114 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩²

71. P. Sreenivasachar (ed.), A Corpus of Inscriptions in the Telingana Districts of Andhra Pradesh, Part III (1956), list of plates and Plates 33–34 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

72. P. B. Desai, introduction to P. Sreenivasachar, Kannada Inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh (Andhra Pradesh Government Archaeological Series 3, 1961), p. 1, No. 2 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³

73. Desai, Kannada Inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh (1961), pp. 29–30, Nos. 73–76 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³

74. Desai, Kannada Inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh (1961), p. 31, No. 79 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³

75. Parabrahma Sastry, The Kakatiyas of Warangal (1978), p. 81. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

76. Parabrahma Sastry, The Kakatiyas of Warangal (1978), p. 84. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

77. Parabrahma Sastry, The Kakatiyas of Warangal (1978), p. 87. ↩ ↩² ↩³

78. Parabrahma Sastry, The Kakatiyas of Warangal (1978), p. 96. ↩ ↩²

79. Parabrahma Sastry, The Kakatiyas of Warangal (1978), p. 97. ↩ ↩²

80. Fleet, “Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts” (1896), p. 428 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

81. Sewell, Historical Inscriptions (1932), p. 99 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩

82. Parabrahma Sastry, The Kakatiyas of Warangal (1978), p. 73. ↩

83. Fleet, “Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts” (1896), p. 458, note 2 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

84. Imperial Gazetteer: Hyderabad State (1909), p. 163 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

85. Sewell, Historical Inscriptions (1932), p. 61 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩