Rashtrakutas of Malkhed

The Rashtrakutas were a dynasty of the Deccan, with their capital at Manyakheta, the modern Malkhed in Karnataka. They replaced the Chalukyas of Badami in the middle of the 8th century and held the supremacy until 973. They matter to the Telugu country in four ways:¹²³⁴

• They inherited the Chalukya lands of the Alampur and Kurnool country.
• They fought the Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi for two centuries.
• They governed much of Telangana through feudatory chiefs, whose inscriptions are found from Alampur to Warangal.
• Under Krishna III they held most of the Kadapa (Cuddapah) country.¹²³⁴

The dynasty in brief

J. F. Fleet, in the history he wrote for the Bombay Gazetteer (1896), put the Rashtrakuta conquest of the Chalukya kingdom in two steps. Dantidurga ejected the Chalukyas from the central and southern parts of their dominions, and his uncle Krishna I completed the conquest. Their branch of the family “eventually selected Malkhed in the Nizam’s Dominions as its capital, and retained the sovereignty till A.D. 973”.¹

In Fleet’s words, the climax of their expansion to the east and south “was reached in the time of Krishna III.”⁵ Krishna III “penetrated even to the Chingleput District, near Madras, on the east coast, and took Conjeeveram and Tanjore”.⁵ The Arab travellers of the 9th and 10th centuries knew the kings as the Balhara, the greatest king in India.⁶⁷ They called the capital Mankir.⁶⁷ Fleet noted that the vernacular (spoken language) of the country round Malkhed was Kanarese.⁶⁷

The dynasty’s crest was Garuda, the bird of Vishnu. The kings had the hereditary title “supreme lord of the town of Lattalura”. They took from the Chalukyas the palidhvaja banner and the emblems of the rivers Ganga and Yamuna. Their kingdom came to be known as Rattapati, “the country of the Rattas”.⁶

Fleet recorded different views of their origin.⁵⁸⁹ A. C. Burnell had connected the word rashtra with the Telugu and Kanarese reddi. Fleet himself thought the name pointed to the north.⁵⁸⁹ He thought that the title Rashtrakuta, “the head man of a rashtra or province”, may have become a family name.⁵⁸⁹

The same official title appears in the grants of the Eastern Chalukyas, which are addressed to the rashtrakutas of a district.⁹¹⁰ These were local officers, not members of the dynasty.⁹¹⁰

Fleet’s chapter and the Wikipedia article↗ (opens in a new tab) give a fuller account of the dynasty’s history outside the Telugu country.¹ That account covers the north of India, Gujarat, the Kannada country and the Tamil country.¹

The overthrow of the Badami Chalukyas

Dantidurga’s own grant, from Samangad, is dated in January 754. It says that he won the supreme sovereignty by conquering “Vallabha”, whom Fleet took to be the Chalukya king Kirtivarman II. An inscription in the Dasavatara cave at Ellora adds a list of rulers whom he subdued. Fleet read among them the rulers of Kalinga and Kosala and “the lord of the Srisaila country, i.e. the Karnul territory”.¹¹

Robert Sewell dated the collapse of the Chalukya kingdom to 753.¹² The Hyderabad volume of the Imperial Gazetteer (1909) says only that the Chalukyas were “displaced by the Rashtrakutas of Malkhed”.² It places this in the middle of the 8th century.²

The Rashtrakutas thus took over the Chalukya lands on the Krishna and the Tungabhadra. There the kings of Badami had left their grants and their temples at Alampur. Inscriptions of the new dynasty appear at Alampur within a generation. One is on the south wall of the Brahmesvara temple. It records gifts made in the first year of Dharavarsha, whom its editors take to be Dhruva (about 780). In that year a feudatory named Balavarmarasa built the western gateway. Another records that one Srimara built a shrine of the Sun in the Uttaresvara temple, for the prosperity of the king Prabhutavarsha.³¹³¹⁴

The long war with Vengi

The kings of Vengi and the kings of Malkhed fought, with varying success, through most of the dynasty’s history. In Fleet’s words, “there were constant wars, with varying success on both sides, between the Rashtrakutas and the Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi”.¹⁵ The Eastern Chalukya side of the war is told on the pages for the Eastern Chalukyas and their kings. This section follows the Rashtrakuta records.

• Govinda II, 770. The Alas plates, issued in the reign of Krishna I, say that the crown prince Govinda II was in camp “at the confluence of the Krishnavernâ and the Musi”.¹⁶ He was there with the army that had invaded the Vengi country, “when the lord of Vengi was humbled by the cession of (his) treasury, (his) forces, and his own country”.¹⁶ Their editor, D. R. Bhandarkar, concluded that the hostilities “had sprung up between the two rival dynasties long before the time of Govinda III”.¹⁷ Sewell took the king of Vengi to be Vishnuvardhana IV, but did not think the Rashtrakutas annexed his country.¹⁸ See Vishnuvardhana IV.
• Govinda II and Dhruva. The Paithan grant of 794 says that Govinda II, in his attempt to keep the throne against his brother Dhruva, called to his help even the hostile kings of Malava, Kanchi and Vengi and of the Ganga country.¹⁹
• Govinda III and Vijayaditya II. The Radhanpur plates of 808 say that Govinda III summoned the lord of Vengi, who came “like a servant” and built an enclosure for him. Fleet took the king to be Vijayaditya II, who reigned from 799 to 843.²⁰²¹ Vijayaditya’s own family records say that he fought a hundred and eight battles in twelve years with the armies of the Gangas and the Rashtrakutas.²⁰²¹
• Amoghavarsha I. An inscription at Sirur in the Dharwar district, of 866, claims that the kings of Anga, Vanga, Magadha, Malava and Vengi worshipped Amoghavarsha I. Fleet thought the claim hyperbolical (exaggerated) for the eastern kingdoms but accepted it for Vengi. The Sangli grant of 933 and the Cambay plates of 930 say that Amoghavarsha defeated the Chalukyas at a place named Vingavalli.¹⁵²²²³ The Karda grant of 972 calls him “a fire of destruction to the Chalukyas”.¹⁵²²²³
• Krishna II and Gunaga Vijayaditya III. The Eastern Chalukya records claim that Gunaga Vijayaditya III frightened Krishna II and “completely burnt his city”.²⁴²⁵ The Cambay plates of 930, a Rashtrakuta record, say that in the reign of Krishna II his enemies abandoned “Khetaka”.²⁶ Their editor took this to mean Manyakheta itself.²⁶ Later Eastern Chalukya records in turn admit that the land of Vengi was overrun by the Rashtrakutas under Krishna II and had to be reconquered by Chalukya-Bhima I.²⁵
• Chalukya-Bhima I. A grant of Chalukya-Bhima I, noticed in 1914, says that his son, a prince of sixteen, fought at Niravadyapura and at Peruvangur-grama.²⁷²⁸ At Peruvangur he killed “the general of the Vallabha king called Dandena-Gundaya” before he died.²⁷²⁸ The epigraphist took the Vallabha king to be Krishna II.²⁷²⁸
• Govinda IV. The Eastern Chalukya records say that Amma I had to put down feudatory relatives who had joined “his natural adversaries”, which Fleet read as a conspiracy with the Rashtrakutas.²⁹ They also say that Chalukya-Bhima II destroyed a great army sent against him by Govinda IV.²⁹
• Krishna III. A grant of Badapa, a son of Yuddhamalla II, was noticed in 1921.³⁰ It says that he sought the help of “the Vallabha (i.e., Rashtrakuta) Krishnaraja and driven Amma from the country”.³¹ The epigraphist concluded that Krishna III had invaded the Trikalinga country soon after 956.³¹ He thought the Eastern Chalukya kingdom was then divided between Badapa and Danarnava.³¹ See Amma II.

The two houses were also joined by marriage. A grant of Gunaga Vijayaditya III found at Guntur and examined in 1912 calls his mother Silamahadevi “the Rashtrakuta queen”.³²

Battles named in the grants

The places of most of these battles are unknown.

• The Krishna–Musi confluence (770). The Musi, Bhandarkar wrote, “joins it on the confines of the modern Kistna district”.¹⁷ It is the only camp of the war in the Telugu country named in the Rashtrakuta records cited on this page.
• Vingavalli. Named in the Sangli and Cambay grants as the place where Amoghavarsha I defeated the Chalukyas. Neither Fleet nor Bhandarkar located it.²²²³¹⁵
• Kiranapura. The Eastern Chalukya grants credit Gunaga Vijayaditya III with burning Kiranapura, the residence of Krishna II and his ally Sankila. The epigraphist of 1914 noted that the grant of Chalukya-Bhima I also names Achalapura and “the great Nellurapura” among the cities he burnt.²⁸
• Niravadyapura and Peruvangur-grama. In 1914 the epigraphist thought Niravadyapura was named after the Chalukya king Vijayaditya, whose surname was Niravadya, and could identify neither place.²⁸ In 1922 the epigraphist found Niravadyapura among the boundaries in a grant of 1076 of a governor of the Vengipura district.³³ This suggests that it lay in the Vengi country.³³

Subordinate chiefs in the Telugu country

Much of Telangana was ruled for the Rashtrakutas by feudatory families, several of which called themselves Chalukyas.

• The Chalukyas of Vemulavada. A Kannada and Sanskrit inscription at Kuruvagattu in the Mahbubnagar district praises Viragriha, son of Vinayaditya of the Chalukya family.³⁴¹³³⁵ It calls him the friend of Govinda-vallabha, son of Kali-vallabha of the Rashtrakuta family.³⁴¹³³⁵ P. B. Desai took the two kings to be Dhruva and Govinda III. The editors of Epigraphia Telanganica identify Vinayaditya with the founder of the Vemulavada Chalukya family.³⁴¹³³⁵ An inscription of 12 July 940 at Chennur, on the Godavari in the Adilabad district, describes the chief Arikesari as a scion of the Chalukya family.³⁶ It calls him a feudatory of the Rashtrakuta king.³⁶ The Kannada poet Pampa, writing in 941–42, made his patron Arikesari II the protector of a certain Vijayaditya against the king Gojjiga.³⁷³⁸ Fleet took Gojjiga to be Govinda IV.³⁷³⁸ See the Chalukyas of Vemulavada.
• Satyasraya Bhimarasa at Khajipet. A fragmentary inscription at Khajipet in the Warangal district names Satyasraya Bhimarasa as a mahasamantadhipati (great chief of vassals) of the Rashtrakuta king Amoghavarsha.³⁹⁴⁰
• The Kakatiyas. P. V. Parabrahma Sastry held that for about two centuries before 1150 the Kakatiya chiefs served the Rashtrakutas and then the Chalukyas of Kalyani.⁴¹ See the Kakatiyas and Beta I.
• Rayalaseema. In the Anantapur country the Nolamba-Pallava chiefs ruled under Rashtrakuta overlordship. A Nolamba pillar inscription of 6 March 965 at Kambaduru was set up by the minister of Polalchora II.⁴² Rangacharya described Polalchora II as a “lieutenant of the Rashtrakuta Krishna III in the conquest of Chola land”.⁴² In the Kadapa country the Vaidumba chiefs became feudatories of Krishna III.⁴⁴³

Rashtrakuta inscriptions in Telangana

The editors of Epigraphia Telanganica (2023) list some thirty records of the Rashtrakuta period from the Telangana districts. Most are short Kannada inscriptions of feudatories, published in the district volumes of Inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh and in the annual reports. Among them:³

• Alampur: the records of Dharavarsha (Dhruva) and of Prabhutavarsha described above.³¹³
• Mallikarjunapalli (Medak): a gift of land to a temple of Isvara and to a Jain temple, dated 25 September 846 in the reign of Amoghavarsha; and a gift of 30 August 946 in the reign of Akalavarsha (Krishna III), both by the chief Kommana of Panduravadi.⁴⁴⁴⁵
• Khajipet (Warangal): the Bhimarasa record, dated 872 by its latest editors.⁴⁰
• Velmajala (Nalgonda): a gift of land to a Jain basadi (Jain temple) by Ravi Chandrayya, a subordinate of Akalavarsha (Krishna II), dated 1 April 907.⁴⁰
• Padaturu (Nalgonda): a pillar inscription of 913 in the reign of Nityavarsha (Indra III), naming a chief who administered the Kollipaka 7000 division.³⁶
• Chennur (Adilabad): the record of Arikesari’s subordinate Baddega, dated 940.³⁶
• Minambaram (Mahbubnagar): a record of the reign of Kannara, perhaps Krishna III, naming the Kalamukha ascetic Agastya.³⁴⁴⁶
• Inavolu (Warangal), Velamaila (Nalgonda) and Dharmapuri (Karimnagar): 10th-century Kannada records of the time of Krishna III or of a king Krishna, two of them gifts to a Jain basadi.⁴⁶⁴⁷
• Bodhan (Nizamabad): a record of 1056, of the Chalukyas of Kalyani, says that the temple of Indranarayana at Bodhan had been built by the Rashtrakuta king Indravallabha and had fallen into ruin.⁴⁸⁴⁷

Chiefs who claimed Rashtrakuta descent still ruled in Telangana after the fall of the dynasty. A record of 1067 at Chilkur praises Asaga Bhupati “the Rashtrakuta”.⁴⁹ One of 1074 at Kolanupaka was made by a protector of Kollipaka who bore the Rashtrakuta titles “supreme lord of Lattalur” and Rattaradheya.⁴⁹

Rashtrakuta records in Rayalaseema

The Cuddapah gazetteer (1915) thought that the Rashtrakutas obtained no permanent foothold in Kadapa in the 8th century.⁵⁰ It added that they probably dispersed the Telugu Cholas of Renadu.⁵⁰

They came in the reign of Indra III, whose general is praised in Kannada verses at Danavulapadu on the Penner.⁴ Krishna III, in the gazetteer’s words, “must have held the whole of Cuddapah district except the eastern portion beyond the Seshachalams”.⁴ The gazetteer added that he exacted allegiance from local chiefs such as the Vaidumbas, rather than effectively conquering the south of the district.⁴

The Vaidumba Bhima-Maharaja restored a temple at Palagiri in the Kamalapuram taluk in 1056.⁵¹⁵² The record of the restoration refers to an earlier grant to the temple by Krishna III.⁵¹⁵² An editor of 1958 read the same record as naming a Vaidumba Maharaja as Krishna III’s subordinate.⁴³

Krishna III and the end of the dynasty

Krishna III was the most powerful king of the line. His Western Ganga feudatory Butuga killed the Chola king Rajaditya in a battle at Takkola about 949.⁵³ Krishna III’s inscriptions in the Chengalpattu (then Chingleput) district call him the taker of Kanchi and Tanjore.⁵³ He died between February 965 and February 966.⁵⁴

Within a few years the kingdom fell.⁵⁵ The Paramara king Siyaka-Harsha of Malwa claimed to have taken the wealth of Khottiga in battle, and Malkhed itself was plundered.⁵⁵

In 973 Taila II, of a branch of the Chalukya stock, overthrew Khottiga’s successor Kakka II.⁵⁶ A verse quoted by Fleet says that Taila “plucked up and destroyed the Rattas” and took “the regal dignity of the Chalukyas”.⁵⁶ The Ganga prince Marasimha tried to continue the dynasty by crowning Indra IV, a grandson of Krishna III.⁵⁶⁵⁷ But the attempt failed, and Indra IV died in 982.⁵⁶⁵⁷ See the Chalukyas of Kalyani.

Evidence and disagreements

• Where the lord of Vengi built the wall. Fleet in 1896 identified the city round which Vijayaditya II built an outer wall with Manyakheta.²⁰ He thought Govinda III was then making it his capital.²⁰ In 1901 he noted that the Radhanpur grant places it beside the Tungabhadra, perhaps near its confluence with the Krishna.⁵⁸ But he still thought Malkhed the likeliest place.⁵⁸ F. Kielhorn, re-editing the grant the same year, translated the word as “the enclosure constructed thereby for His camp”.²¹ Sewell wrote that Govinda had already moved his capital to Malkhed.⁵⁹
• Who founded Manyakheta. The Deoli and Karda grants say that Amoghavarsha I made the city. Fleet thought he completed a fortification begun by Govinda III.⁶⁰⁵⁸
• Was the Alas grant genuine? Fleet (1903) judged from their bad letters and irregular lines that the plates were not the original record.⁶¹¹⁸ But he thought them a reproduction of a lost genuine grant, and accepted that Govinda II was crown prince in 770.⁶¹¹⁸
• Did Vijayaditya III sack Malkhed? Bhandarkar and Sewell took the Cambay plates as confirming that the Eastern Chalukya king occupied Manyakheta in the reign of Krishna II.²⁶⁶² Sewell placed this between 877 and 888.⁶² Other readings of the same claims are set out on the page for Gunaga Vijayaditya III.
• The Alampur Prabhutavarsha. P. B. Desai (1961) thought the Prabhutavarsha of the Uttaresvara inscription was probably Govinda III.¹⁴ The editors of Epigraphia Telanganica list a version of the same record under Govinda II.³¹³
• The Khajipet king. P. B. Desai dated the Bhimarasa inscription to the cyclic year Nandana, 932–33, and took the king to be Amoghavarsha III.³⁹ The Inscriptions of Warangal District (2016), as summarised in Epigraphia Telanganica, read it as a record of Amoghavarsha I of 872.⁴⁰³⁶
• The Kuruvagattu record. Desai listed it under Kuruvagatta in the Mahbubnagar district; Epigraphia Telanganica gives the place as Kuruva Gattupalli in the Jadcherla taluk.³⁴³⁵

Footnotes

1. Fleet, “Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts” (1896), p. 382 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

2. Imperial Gazetteer of India, Provincial Series: Hyderabad State (1909), p. 10 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

3. Gajjala Vasanta Lakshmi (ed.), Epigraphia Telanganica I: Pre-Kakatiya Telangana (2023), p. 75, Rashtrakuta Nos. 1–3. Cite-only; paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶

4. Brackenbury, Cuddapah (1915), p. 29 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶

5. Fleet, “Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts” (1896), p. 383 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

6. Fleet, “Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts” (1896), p. 387 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

7. Fleet, “Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts” (1896), p. 388 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

8. Fleet, “Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts” (1896), p. 384 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

9. Fleet, “Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts” (1896), p. 385 and note 1 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

10. Rangacharya, Topographical List II (1919), pp. 1–2, Godavari district, copper-plate grants addressed to “the Rashtrakuta and other families” and to “the cultivators (headed by the Rashtrakutas)” (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

11. Fleet, “Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts” (1896), p. 389 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

12. Robert Sewell, The Historical Inscriptions of Southern India (1932), p. 29 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩

13. Epigraphia Telanganica I (2023), p. 76, Nos. 3–5. Cite-only; paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶

14. Kannada Inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh (1961), p. 35, No. 93 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩²

15. Fleet, “Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts” (1896), p. 402 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

16. Bhandarkar, “Alas Plates” (1901), p. 213, translation (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

17. D. R. Bhandarkar, “Alas Plates of the Yuvaraja Govinda II; Saka-Samvat 692”, Epigraphia Indica VI (1901), p. 209 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

18. Sewell, Historical Inscriptions (1932), p. 30 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³

19. Fleet, “Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts” (1896), p. 393 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

20. Fleet, “Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts” (1896), p. 396 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

21. F. Kielhorn, “Radhanpur Plates of Govinda III; Saka-Samvat 730”, Epigraphia Indica VI (1901), p. 250, translation of verses 18–20 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

22. J. F. Fleet, “Sanskrit and Old-Canarese Inscriptions”: Rashtrakuta grant of Govinda-Suvarnavarsha (the Sangli grant), Indian Antiquary XII (1883), p. 253, translation (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

23. Bhandarkar, “Cambay Plates of Govinda IV” (1903), p. 43, translation of verses 12–13 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

24. Fleet, “Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts” (1896), p. 411 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

25. Fleet, “Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts” (1896), p. 412 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

26. D. R. Bhandarkar, “Cambay Plates of Govinda IV; Saka-Samvat 852”, Epigraphia Indica VII (1903), p. 29 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

27. Annual Report on Epigraphy, Southern Circle, for 1913–14 (1914), p. 84 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

28. Annual Report on Epigraphy, Southern Circle, for 1913–14 (G.O. No. 920, Public, 4 August 1914), p. 85 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

29. Fleet, “Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts” (1896), p. 417 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

30. Annual Report on South-Indian Epigraphy for 1920–21 (G.O. No. 183, Finance, 23 September 1921), p. 90 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

31. Annual Report on South-Indian Epigraphy for 1920–21 (G.O. No. 183, Finance, 23 September 1921), p. 91 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

32. Annual Report on Epigraphy, Southern Circle, for 1911–12 (G.O. No. 919, Public, 29 July 1912), p. 84 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

33. Annual Report on South-Indian Epigraphy for 1921–22 (1922), p. 98 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

34. P. B. Desai (introduction), Kannada Inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh (Andhra Pradesh Government Archaeological Series 3, 1961), p. 11, Nos. 29–30 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

35. Epigraphia Telanganica I (2023), p. 77, Nos. 5–7, summarising Inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh, Mahabubnagar District I (2003), pp. 24–25. Cite-only; paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

36. Epigraphia Telanganica I (2023), p. 80, Nos. 13–16, summarising Indian Archaeology 1992–93, pp. 114–115, and the Annual Report on Indian Epigraphy for 1959–60, p. 46. Cite-only; paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

37. J. F. Fleet, “Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts”, Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency I, pt. II (1896), p. 380 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

38. Fleet, “Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts” (1896), p. 416 and note (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

39. Kannada Inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh (1961), p. 25, No. 71 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩²

40. Epigraphia Telanganica I (2023), p. 79, Nos. 10–12, summarising Inscriptions of Warangal District (2016), pp. 1–4, and Inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh, Nalgonda District I (1992), pp. 1–2. Cite-only; paraphrased. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

41. P. V. Parabrahma Sastry, The Kakatiyas of Warangal (1978), p. 2. Cite-only; paraphrased. ↩

42. V. Rangacharya, A Topographical List of the Inscriptions of the Madras Presidency I (1919), p. 20, Anantapur district No. 127 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

43. P. B. Desai, “Madras Museum Plate of Bhuvanatrinetra”, Epigraphia Indica XXVIII (1958), p. 69 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩²

44. Epigraphia Telanganica I (2023), p. 78, No. 9, summarising Inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh, Medak District (2001), pp. 1–2. Cite-only; paraphrased. ↩

45. Epigraphia Telanganica I (2023), p. 81, No. 17. Cite-only; paraphrased. ↩

46. Epigraphia Telanganica I (2023), p. 82, Nos. 18–20. Cite-only; paraphrased. ↩ ↩²

47. Epigraphia Telanganica I (2023), p. 83, Nos. 21–23. Cite-only; paraphrased. ↩ ↩²

48. Kannada Inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh (1961), p. 20, No. 54 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩

49. Epigraphia Telanganica I (2023), p. 84, Nos. 24–25. Cite-only; paraphrased. ↩ ↩²

50. C. F. Brackenbury, Madras District Gazetteers: Cuddapah, Vol. I (1915), p. 27 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

51. Brackenbury, Cuddapah (1915), p. 30 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

52. M. Venkataramayya, “Machupalle Inscription of the Time of Somideva-Maharaja”, Epigraphia Indica XXVIII (1958), p. 117 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩²

53. Fleet, “Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts” (1896), p. 419 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

54. Sewell, Historical Inscriptions (1932), p. 50 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩

55. Fleet, “Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts” (1896), p. 422 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

56. Fleet, “Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts” (1896), p. 424 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

57. Fleet, “Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts” (1896), p. 425 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

58. J. F. Fleet, “Three Western Ganga Records in the Mysore Government Museum at Bangalore”, Epigraphia Indica VI (1901), p. 64, note 3 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩² ↩³

59. Sewell, Historical Inscriptions (1932), p. 33 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩

60. Fleet, “Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts” (1896), p. 403 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩

61. J. F. Fleet, “Some Rashtrakuta Records”, Epigraphia Indica VII (1903), p. 231 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). ↩ ↩²

62. Sewell, Historical Inscriptions (1932), p. 38 (archive.org↗ (opens in a new tab)). Paraphrased. ↩ ↩²