Study guides
Eastern Chalukyas & the Deccan powers
c. 624–1163 CE
This guide organises pages on this site; every fact is on the linked pages with its sources.
In brief
For five centuries after about 615, different powers ruled the Telugu coast and the uplands. On the coast the Eastern Chalukyas governed Vengi, the country between the mouths of the Krishna and the Godavari. Inland, the Chalukyas of Badami, the Rashtrakutas and the Chalukyas of Kalyani held power in turn, with local dynasties under them. Telugu verse appears in 9th-century inscriptions, and in the 11th century Nannaya wrote his Telugu Mahabharata at Rajahmundry.
Read the full era page: Eastern Chalukyas & the Deccan powers →
Key dates
Each date links to the page it comes from. "About" and "or" are kept where the page gives them.
| When | What happened |
|---|---|
| about 615, or 624–25 | Chalukya rule in Vengi begins. The older books give about 615, and M. Somasekhara Sarma worked out 624–25 from eclipses in the early grants. Eastern Chalukyas & the Deccan powers |
| about 750 | The Rashtrakutas of Malkhed push the Chalukyas of Badami out of the interior. The Madras gazetteer dates Rashtrakuta supremacy to about 750–950. Eastern Chalukyas & the Deccan powers |
| 770–71 | According to the Alas plates, the Rashtrakuta prince Govinda II camps where the Musi joins the Krishna, after humbling the king of Vengi. Eastern Chalukyas & the Deccan powers |
| 799–843 | Vijayaditya II rules Vengi, in Fleet's and Sewell's dates. A later grant says he fought 108 battles and built as many Shiva temples. Vijayaditya II Narendra-mrigaraja |
| about 844 | The Addanki inscription of Pandaranga opens with a Telugu verse in the taruvoja metre. Eastern Chalukyas & the Deccan powers |
| between 877 and 888 | In Sewell's view, Gunaga-Vijayaditya III sacks the Rashtrakuta capital Malkhed. Hultzsch thought he had been a Rashtrakuta vassal. Eastern Chalukyas & the Deccan powers |
| 941 | The Kannada poet Pampa writes the Adipurana and the Vikramarjunavijaya at the court of Arikesari II of Vemulavada. Pampa (Adi Pampa) |
| 973 | The Chalukya dynasty is restored in the western Deccan as the Chalukyas of Kalyani. It holds power for nearly two hundred years. Eastern Chalukyas & the Deccan powers |
| 997–98, or 999 | The Chola king Rajaraja I conquers Vengi. Hultzsch gives 997–98 and the Godavari gazetteer 999. Eastern Chalukyas & the Deccan powers |
| 1022 | Rajaraja Narendra, son of Vimaladitya and a daughter of Rajaraja Chola, is crowned and makes Rajahmundry his capital. Eastern Chalukyas & the Deccan powers |
| 1053 | A grant of Rajaraja names its Sanskrit verse-writer as Nanniyabhatta, perhaps the poet Nannaya in Hultzsch's view. Eastern Chalukyas & the Deccan powers |
| 1070 | Rajaraja Narendra's son becomes the Chola emperor Kulottunga I, and Vengi becomes a province ruled by his relatives and viceroys. Eastern Chalukyas & the Deccan powers |
| by 1117 | The Kakatiya chief Prola II, son of Beta, rules the Anumakonda country from Warangal under the Chalukyas of Kalyani. Eastern Chalukyas & the Deccan powers |
| 1120–1124 | The Kalyani Chalukya king Vikramaditya VI holds Vengi for a short time, and Chola influence there fades. Eastern Chalukyas & the Deccan powers |
| about 1155 | As Kalyani weakens, a Kakatiya ruler defeats the Chalukya Tailapa III. Eastern Chalukyas & the Deccan powers |
| 19 January 1163 | According to Sewell, the Kakatiya Rudra is crowned at Anumakonda. The site uses this event to close the period. Eastern Chalukyas & the Deccan powers |
Main points
From the era page: Eastern Chalukyas & the Deccan powers
- For five centuries after about 615, different powers ruled the Telugu coast and uplands. The Eastern Chalukyas governed Vengi, between the mouths of the Krishna and the Godavari. Larger kingdoms to the west controlled the interior.
- The Badami king Pulakesin II took Pithapuram and Eluru and left his brother Vishnuvardhana to govern them. Vishnuvardhana's descendants ruled Vengi as a separate dynasty. Its capital was Pedda Vegi near Eluru.
- Hultzsch placed the Chola king Rajaraja I's conquest of Vengi in 997–98. Marriages then bound the two houses together. Rajaraja Narendra was crowned in 1022 and made Rajahmundry his capital.
- The first inscriptions written wholly in Telugu come from just before this period: the Telugu Cholas' Kalamalla pillar dates from about 575. The Addanki inscription of about 844 opens with a Telugu verse, and Nannaya wrote his Mahabharata at the court of Rajaraja of Rajahmundry.
From other pages of the period
- Their capital was first Vengi, the modern Pedavegi near Eluru, and later Rajahmundry. Almost all that is known of them comes from their own copper-plate grants. Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi
- Chenchiah dated the start of Nannaya's Telugu translation of the Mahabharata to the reign of Rajaraja I. Local tradition remembers this king as Rajaraja Narendra. Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi
- Eastern Chalukya charters were royal commands to the leading cultivators of a district. They were issued in the presence of the minister, chaplain, commander, heir-apparent, doorkeeper and chief minister. Government & administration
- A grant of Amma I says that over twelve years he fought 108 battles with the Gangas and the Rattas. It says he also built as many temples of Shiva. Fleet identified the Rattas with the Rashtrakutas of Malkhed. Vijayaditya II Narendra-mrigaraja
- They fought the Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi through most of their history. In Fleet's words there were constant wars, with varying success on both sides. Rashtrakutas of Malkhed
- Telangana was part of their kingdom for nearly two centuries. It was governed through feudatory chiefs, among them the early Kakatiyas, and through princes and officers at Kollipake, the modern Kolanupaka. Western Chalukyas of Kalyani
- Rajaraja I claimed the conquest of Vengi. About 999 he helped the Eastern Chalukya Saktivarman I back to its throne, and his daughter Kundavadevi married Saktivarman's brother Vimaladitya. Cholas of Tanjore
- Rajaraja Narendra ruled Vengi, the Eastern Chalukya kingdom, for about forty years in the middle of the 11th century. Telugu tradition remembers him for his capital, Rajahmundry, and his patronage of the poet Nannaya. Rajaraja Narendra
- The Addanki inscription credits him with taking twelve districts of the Boyas. Its editor took its opening poem to be among the earliest Telugu verse known. Pandaranga
- The Kannada poet Pampa wrote at the court of Arikesari II. The Jaina scholar Somadeva finished the Yasastilaka in 959. Venkataramanayya called the three Telugu verses of the Kurkyal inscription the earliest of their kind. Chalukyas of Vemulavada
Key terms
- yuvaraja యువరాజు
- crown prince
- feudatory సామంతుడు
- subordinate ruler
- vassal సామంతుడు
- subordinate ruler
- biruda బిరుదు
- title of honour; also title of valour
- interregnum అరాజక కాలం
- a gap in rule
- era శకం
- a way of counting years
- agrahara అగ్రహారం
- village granted to Brahmins; also a Brahmin quarter
- ghatika ఘటిక
- college
- samkranti సంక్రాంతి
- the sun's entry into a new sign
- nakshatra నక్షత్రం
- lunar mansion
- vimana విమానం
- tower over the shrine
- sikhara శిఖరం
- tower top
- arama ఆరామం
- Pancharama shrines
- basadi బసది
- Jain temple
- dvipada ద్విపద
- couplet
- prosody ఛందస్సు
- the rules of metre
- parvas పర్వాలు
- books
- kavitraya కవిత్రయం
- the three poets of the Telugu Mahabharata
- mahamandalesvara మహామండలేశ్వరుడు
- great provincial lord; also great feudal lord
People, places, monuments and inscriptions to know
Dynasties
- Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi
- Chalukyas of Badami
- Rashtrakutas of Malkhed
- Western Chalukyas of Kalyani
- Cholas of Tanjore
- Chalukyas of Vemulavada
- Telugu Cholas of Renadu
- Eastern Gangas of Kalinga
- Velanati Chodas
People
- Kubja Vishnuvardhana
- Vijayaditya II Narendra-mrigaraja
- Gunaga Vijayaditya III
- Pandaranga
- Rajaraja I (Chola)
- Rajaraja Narendra
- Nannaya
- Kulottunga I
- Pampa (Adi Pampa)
- Vikramaditya VI
Places
Monuments
Inscriptions
Maps and the timeline
- The Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi
- The Rashtrakutas and the Telugu country
- The Western Chalukyas of Kalyani and the Telugu country
- The Chalukyas of Vemulavada and Mudigonda
- The Telugu Cholas of Renandu
- Southern neighbours of the Telugu country
- Regional houses of the 12th century
- Old names of regions
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Each bar is a ruling power in its region; time runs left to right. Dashed = approximate dates. Select a bar for details.
Show as a list
Ikshvakus, Vishnukundins & early kingdoms 225–624 CE
- Telangana
- Vishnukundins (c. 375–612 CE)
- Coastal Andhra
- Pallavas (c. 250–630 CE) · Vishnukundins (c. 500–630 CE) · Eastern Gangas of Kalinga (c. 537–1434 CE) · Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi (c. 615–973 CE) · Chalukyas of Badami (c. 615–642 CE)
- Rayalaseema
- Pallavas (c. 300–900 CE) · Telugu Cholas of Renadu (c. 550–800 CE)
Eastern Chalukyas & the Deccan powers 624–1163 CE
- Telangana
- Chalukyas of Badami (c. 655–753 CE) · Chalukyas of Mudigonda (c. 890–1218 CE) · Chalukyas of Vemulavada (c. 750–973 CE) · Kakatiyas (c. 1052–1162 CE) · Rashtrakutas of Malkhed (c. 753–973 CE) · Telugu Chodas of Kanduru (c. 1060–1160 CE) · Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi (c. 935–973 CE) · Western Chalukyas of Kalyani (c. 973–1163 CE)
- Coastal Andhra
- Pallavas (c. 250–630 CE) · Chalukyas of Badami (c. 655–680 CE) · Cholas of Tanjore (c. 999–1135 CE) · Vishnukundins (c. 500–630 CE) · Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi (c. 999–1077 CE) · Kotas of Dharanikota (c. 1100–1276 CE) · Eastern Gangas of Kalinga (c. 537–1434 CE) · Haihayas of Kona and Palnadu (c. 1073–1364 CE) · Telugu Chodas of Pottapi and Nellore (c. 1106–1316 CE) · Velanati Chodas (c. 1118–1209 CE) · Western Chalukyas of Kalyani (c. 1118–1126 CE)
- Rayalaseema
- Pallavas (c. 300–900 CE) · Cholas of Tanjore (c. 985–1268 CE) · Telugu Cholas of Renadu (c. 550–800 CE) · Western Chalukyas of Kalyani (c. 1000–1190 CE) · Chalukyas of Badami (c. 654–753 CE) · Telugu Chodas of Pottapi and Nellore (c. 1120–1268 CE) · Banas (c. 700–915 CE) · Vaidumbas (c. 750–1000 CE) · Nolamba-Pallavas (c. 750–974 CE) · Rashtrakutas of Malkhed (c. 750–973 CE)
Kakatiyas 1163–1323 CE
- Telangana
- Chalukyas of Mudigonda (c. 890–1218 CE) · Kakatiyas (c. 1163–1323 CE)
- Coastal Andhra
- Kakatiyas (c. 1185–1323 CE) · Kotas of Dharanikota (c. 1100–1276 CE) · Eastern Gangas of Kalinga (c. 537–1434 CE) · Haihayas of Kona and Palnadu (c. 1073–1364 CE) · Telugu Chodas of Pottapi and Nellore (c. 1106–1316 CE) · Velanati Chodas (c. 1118–1209 CE) · Cholas of Tanjore (c. 1135–1264 CE)
- Rayalaseema
- Cholas of Tanjore (c. 985–1268 CE) · Western Chalukyas of Kalyani (c. 1000–1190 CE) · Telugu Chodas of Pottapi and Nellore (c. 1120–1268 CE) · Hoysalas (c. 1178–1342 CE)
Kingdoms and empires
Vishnukundins
Open page- Telangana: c. 375–612 CE (c. 237 years)
Partial: the early kingdom north of Srisailam (Nalgonda and Mahabubnagar), with its capital at Keesaragutta near Hyderabad or at Indrapura (Indrapala Gutta near Tummalagudem, Nalgonda); the capital later moved to Trivaranagara (Tiruvuru). The Tummalagudem plates of Govindavarman (37th year) and Vikramendravarman II (Saka 488, 566-67) were found in Nalgonda. The early dates (Indravarman c. 375-400) and the end in 612 follow Goel et al.
- Coastal Andhra: c. 500–630 CE (c. 130 years)
Krishna-Godavari country; later capital Lendulura (Denduluru near Vengi); grants from the Godavari delta, Tenali taluk and the Vizianagaram region, and a pillar at Velpuru south of the Krishna. Dates disputed: K. V. Lakshman Rao (in Sewell 1932) about 357-610; Panchamukhi (1936) about 500 to the Chalukya conquest of 621-631; Mirashi puts Madhavavarman I about 510-568; Sircar (1939) about 500-670 and an end later still
Rulers (7)
Capitals
Inscriptions (7)
- Chikkulla plates of Vikramendravarman II
- Ipur plates (set I) of Govindavarman's son Madhavavarman
- Ipur plates (set II) of Madhavavarman II
- Khanapur plates of Madhavavarman
- Polamuru plates of Madhavavarman Janashraya
- Ramatirtham plates of Indravarman
… and 1 more
Sources (8)
Kingdoms and empires
Chalukyas of Badami
Open page- Coastal Andhra: c. 615–642 CE (c. 27 years)
Pulakesin II took Pishtapura (Pithapuram) and the Kolleru lake country (Aihole inscription) about 615 and left his brother Vishnuvardhana to govern Vengi, which was an independent kingdom by 632 (Fleet); his Kopparam plates grant land in Karmarashtra (Guntur) in 631, and Hultzsch read them as showing Vishnuvardhana still his subordinate then. The Vizagapatam gazetteer adds that the Badami Chalukyas had already conquered Kalinga in the 6th century.
- Rayalaseema: c. 654–753 CE (c. 99 years)
Copper-plate grants of Vikramaditya I in Kurnool (654-55, 657-58, 663); his grant names the Nalavadi district (near Madakasira, Anantapur); grants of 680 in Anantapur and Bellary; grants of Vinayaditya in the Kurnool district (Nandyal, 689-90); the Telugu Cholas of Renadu were their vassals. Fleet guessed that Kirtivarman I's enemies the Nalas lived towards Bellary and Kurnool.
- Telangana: c. 655–753 CE (c. 98 years)
Partial: the Alampur-Gadwal country. Amudalapadu plates of Vikramaditya I (Alampur taluk, 660), Gadval plates (674), Pallepadu plates of Vinayaditya (682, issued at Pangal), and inscriptions in the Alampur temples of a queen of Vikramaditya I, of Vinayaditya's reign and of Vijayaditya (704, 713). IG Hyderabad: displaced by the Rashtrakutas (Dantidurga, 753).
- Coastal Andhra: c. 655–680 CE (c. 25 years)
Partial: Nellore. Talamanchi plates of Vikramaditya I (found near Nellore, 13 July 660), a grant to his preceptor Meghacharya.
Rulers (9)
- Pulakesin I (c. 550–566 CE)
- Kirtivarman I (c. 566–597 CE)
- Mangalesa (c. 597–609 CE)
- Pulakesin II (c. 609–642 CE)
- Vikramaditya I (Chalukya of Badami) (c. 655–680 CE)
- Vinayaditya (Chalukya of Badami) (c. 680–696 CE)
… and 3 more
- Vijayaditya (Chalukya of Badami) (c. 696–733 CE)
- Vikramaditya II (c. 733–746 CE)
- Kirtivarman II (c. 746–757 CE)
Capitals
Monuments
Inscriptions
Sources (12)
Kingdoms and empires
Chalukyas of Mudigonda
Open page- Telangana: c. 890–1218 CE (c. 328 years)
Partial: Mudigonda (Khammam), the Manchikonda district and the Koravi (Kuravi) country, later the Visuru-nadu on the Godavari; feudatories of the Eastern Chalukyas, later of the Chalukyas of Kalyani. No record of the family is dated: start from Kusumayudha I's part in Chalukya-Bhima I's coronation (892), end from Parabrahma Sastry's identification of Kusumaditya and Nagati in a record of 1218. Driven out by the Kakatiyas (Recherla Rudra; Ganapatideva).
Rulers (13)
- Kokiraja (c. 865–890 CE)
- Kusumayudha I (Chalukya of Mudigonda) (c. 890–915 CE)
- Bijayita (Chalukya of Mudigonda) (c. 915–940 CE)
- Kusumayudha II (c. 940–965 CE)
- Vijayaditya (c. 965–990 CE)
- Kusumayudha III (c. 990–1015 CE)
… and 7 more
- Nijjiyaraja (Chalukya of Mudigonda) (c. 1015–1040 CE)
- Kusumayudha IV (Chalukya of Mudigonda) (c. 1040–1065 CE)
- Beta (c. 1065–1090 CE)
- Kusumayudha V (c. 1090–1110 CE)
- Bottu-Beta (Chalukya of Mudigonda) (c. 1110–1140 CE)
- Kusumaditya (Chalukya of Mudigonda) (c. 1140–1165 CE)
- Nagati (Chalukya of Mudigonda) (c. 1165–1196 CE)
Capitals
Inscriptions
Sources (4)
Kingdoms and empires
Chalukyas of Vemulavada
Open page- Telangana: c. 750–973 CE (c. 223 years)
Partial: the Sabbi Thousand (Karimnagar), capital Vemulavada (Lembulavataka), as Rashtrakuta feudatories; Podana (Bodhan) under the founder Yuddhamalla I (Venkataramanayya). Dated records: Chennur 940, Parbhani plates 966, Repaka 968. Ended when the Chalukyas of Kalyani took Telangana between 966 and 973.
Rulers (10)
- Vinayaditya-Yuddhamalla I (Chalukya of Vemulavada) (c. 750–775 CE)
- Arikesari I (Chalukya of Vemulavada) (c. 775–800 CE)
- Narasimha I (c. 800–825 CE)
- Yuddhamalla II (c. 825–850 CE)
- Baddega I Soladaganda (Chalukya of Vemulavada) (c. 850–895 CE)
- Yuddhamalla III (c. 895–915 CE)
Capitals
Monuments
Inscriptions
Sources (3)
Kingdoms and empires
Kakatiyas
Open page- Telangana: c. 1052–1162 CE (c. 110 years)
Partial: feudatory chiefs of Anumakonda (Hanamkonda) under the Chalukyas of Kalyani. Prola I received the Anumakonda district as a permanent fief from Someshvara I (record of 1053); Prola II's last record as a subordinate is of 1149; Rudradeva subdued the other Telangana chiefs c. 1157–62 (Parabrahma Sastry). Earlier members served the Rashtrakutas (Mangallu grant, c. 956) according to Parabrahma Sastry, a link rejected by Venkataramanayya and Somasekhara Sarma (1960).
- Telangana: c. 1163–1323 CE (c. 160 years)
Sovereign from Rudradeva's Anumakonda inscription of January 1163; capital moved to Orugallu (Warangal) under Ganapatideva. Warangal taken by Ulugh Khan in 1323 (Parabrahma Sastry, after Isami); Barani and the Imperial Gazetteer give 1321.
- Coastal Andhra: c. 1185–1323 CE (c. 138 years)
Rudradeva subdued the Kotas of Dharanikota and the Kondapadumatis (Tripurantakam grant 1185); Ganapatideva annexed Divi (1203) and Velanadu (records from 1209; Jaya governor 1213) and held the coast from the Godavari to the Penna; Kakatiya records at Draksharama from 1212, but the Eastern Gangas held the region north of the Godavari c. 1230–33 and again c. 1262–78; the Telugu Chodas of Nellore were allies; Nellore was lost to the Pandyas c. 1263 and recovered under Prataparudra.
- Rayalaseema: c. 1250–1323 CE (c. 73 years)
Through the Kayastha chiefs (Gangaya Sahini, bahattara-niyogadhipati c. 1250, capital Valluru in Cuddapah); Ambadeva independent c. 1272–1291, until Prataparudra's armies retook Tripurantakam (between 13 June and 11 August 1291) and the Kayastha lands within about eight years.
Rulers (11)
Capitals
Monuments (16)
Inscriptions (36)
- Kazipet Dargah pillar inscription
- Matedu inscription of Vemabola Malle-nayaka
- Gudur pillar inscriptions of the Viriyala family
- Thousand Pillar Temple inscription of Rudradeva
- Karimnagar inscription of Gangadhara
- Warangal fort inscription of Rudradeva
… and 30 more
- Pillalamarri inscription of Recherla Nami-reddi
- Kondaparti inscription of Malyala Chaunda
- Inugurti pillar inscription of Natavadi Rudra
- Bayyaram tank inscription of Mailama
- Chebrolu inscription of Jaya
- Palampet pillar inscription of Recherla Rudra
- Ganapavaram inscription of Devapala
- Warangal toll inscription of Ganapatideva
- Ganapesvaram inscription of Jaya
- Upparapalli pillar inscription of Kataya
- Motupalli pillar inscription of Ganapatideva
- Pakhal lake inscription of Jagadala Mummadi
- Rayaparti fragment of Saka 1169
- Ekamranatha temple inscription of Ganapati
- Nayanapalle inscription of Ganapatideva
- Durgi inscription of Gangaya-sahini
- Sarngapuram plates of Sarngadhara
- Bothpur tank inscription of Malyala Gunda
- Garavapadu plates of Ganapatideva
- Malkapuram pillar inscription of Rudramadevi
- Kotagiri plates of Viryala Sura
- Kolanupaka inscription of Rudramadevi's reign
- Chandupatla inscription
- Panugallu inscription of Immadi Mallikarjuna-nayaka
- Tripurantakam inscription of Ambadeva
- Raichur fort inscription of Gona Vithala
- Mellacheruvu inscription of Prataparudra's reign
- Srirangam inscription of Prataparudra
- Dharmasagar inscription of the minister Malla
- Hanamkonda inscription of Gangadhara
Sources (7)
Kingdoms and empires
Rashtrakutas of Malkhed
Open page- Rayalaseema: c. 750–973 CE (c. 223 years)
Through the Nolambas in Anantapur from about 750. The Cuddapah gazetteer finds no lasting foothold in Cuddapah until Indra III (c. 915), and says Krishna III (940-956) held all of Cuddapah except the east. The dynasty fell in 973.
- Telangana: c. 753–973 CE (c. 220 years)
Displaced the Chalukyas mid-8th century (Dantidurga 753). Inscriptions of their reigns or their feudatories at Alampur (Dhruva, about 780), Kuruvagattu (Govinda III), Mallikarjunapalli (846, 946), Khajipet, Velmajala (907), Padaturu (913) and Chennur (940); the Vemulavada Chalukyas and probably the early Kakatiyas were their subordinates. The dynasty fell in 973 and Western Chalukya rule in Telangana is attested by 995.
Rulers (13)
- Dantidurga (c. 753–756 CE)
- Krishna I (c. 756–774 CE)
- Govinda II (Rashtrakuta) (c. 774–780 CE)
- Dhruva (Rashtrakuta) (c. 780–793 CE)
- Govinda III (Rashtrakuta) (c. 793–814 CE)
- Amoghavarsha I (c. 814–878 CE)
… and 7 more
Capitals
Inscriptions
Sources (14)
Kingdoms and empires
Telugu Chodas of Kanduru
Open page- Telangana: c. 1060–1160 CE (c. 100 years)
Partial (Kandurunadu: the Jadcharla and Achampet areas of Mahbubnagar and the Nalgonda and Miryalaguda areas of Nalgonda), ruled from Kodur and Panugallu as feudatories of the Chalukyas of Kalyani; Tondarasa of Kandur governed the Kollipake province in 1088. Prola II restored Udaya Choda at Panugallu about 1131; Rudradeva drove out Bhima and annexed the country in the 1150s (last record of Bhima 1157). The family then held fiefs under the Kakatiyas, with a last record in 1282.
Rulers
Capitals
Inscriptions
Sources (5)
Kingdoms and empires
Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi
Open page- Coastal Andhra: c. 615–973 CE (c. 358 years)
Vengi, between the Godavari and the Krishna, with the Vizagapatam country to the north (Chipurupalle grant of 632) and Karmarashtra, the Ongole-Guntur country, to the south (grants of 664 and 673). Kubja Vishnuvardhana was installed as yuvaraja in 615 (Fleet) and was independent by 632; others date the start about 605 (Hultzsch 1890, Mackenzie), after 631 (Kopparam plates, Hultzsch 1926) or in 624-25 (Rama Rao 1964). The line of kings from the grants ends with Danarnava (970-973).
- Telangana: c. 935–973 CE (c. 38 years)
Partial: the Chalukya chiefs of Mudigonda and Koravi (Khammam and Warangal) owed allegiance to Vengi rather than to the Rashtrakutas, in Parabrahma Sastry's account; ended after the death of Danarnava in 973.
- Coastal Andhra: c. 999–1077 CE (c. 78 years)
After an interval that the grants call twenty-seven years without a ruler, Saktivarman I was restored about 999 with the help of the Chola Rajaraja I, "as king (or perhaps feudatory)" in the Godavari gazetteer's words. His successors married Chola princesses; Rajendra II, heir to Vengi in 1063, became the Chola emperor Kulottunga I in 1070. His uncle Vijayaditya VII governed Vengi until he died in 1077 (1076 in Sewell's table), after which Vengi was ruled for the Cholas by viceroys.
Rulers (31)
- Kubja Vishnuvardhana (c. 615–633 CE)
- Jayasimha I (c. 633–663 CE)
- Indra-Bhattaraka (c. 663 CE)
- Vishnuvardhana II (Eastern Chalukya) (c. 663–672 CE)
- Mangi-yuvaraja (c. 672–696 CE)
- Jayasimha II (Eastern Chalukya) (c. 696–709 CE)
… and 25 more
- Kokkili (c. 709 CE)
- Vishnuvardhana III (Eastern Chalukya) (c. 709–746 CE)
- Vijayaditya I (Eastern Chalukya) (c. 746–764 CE)
- Vishnuvardhana IV (Eastern Chalukya) (c. 764–799 CE)
- Vijayaditya II Narendra-mrigaraja (c. 799–843 CE)
- Kali-Vishnuvardhana V (c. 843–844 CE)
- Gunaga Vijayaditya III (c. 844–888 CE)
- Chalukya-Bhima I (c. 888–918 CE)
- Vijayaditya IV (Kollabhiganda) (c. 918 CE)
- Amma I (c. 918–925 CE)
- Beta-Vijayaditya V (c. 925 CE)
- Tadapa (Tala I) (c. 925 CE)
- Vikramaditya II (Eastern Chalukya) (c. 926 CE)
- Bhima III (Eastern Chalukya) (c. 926–927 CE)
- Yuddhamalla II (c. 927–934 CE)
- Chalukya-Bhima II (c. 934–945 CE)
- Amma II (945–970 CE)
- Badapa (c. 956 CE)
- Danarnava (970–973 CE)
- Saktivarman I (c. 999–1011 CE)
- Vimaladitya (1011–1022 CE)
- Rajaraja Narendra (1022–1063 CE)
- Kulottunga I (c. 1063–1070 CE)
- Vijayaditya VII (c. 1063–1076 CE)
- Vira-Choda (c. 1078–1093 CE)
Capitals
Monuments
Inscriptions (36)
- Satara grant of Vishnuvardhana I
- Timmapuram plates of Vishnuvardhana I
- Chipurupalle plates of Vishnuvardhana I
- Pedda-Vegi plates of Jayasimha I
- Niduparu grant of Jayasimha I
- Pulibumra plates of Jayasimha I
… and 30 more
- Gudivada plates of Jayasimha I (three grants)
- Chendalur plates of Sarvalokasraya (Mangi-yuvaraja)
- Penukaparu grant of Jayasimha II
- Ipur plates of Vishnuvardhana III
- Ederu plates of Vijayaditya II
- Addanki inscription of Pandaranga
- Masulipatam (?) plates of Vijayaditya III
- Bezwada plates of Chalukya-Bhima I
- Bezwada pillar inscription of Yuddhamalla
- Chevuru plates of Amma I
- Ederu plates of Amma I
- Diggubarru grant of Chalukya-Bhima II
- Gundugolanu plates of Amma II
- Kaluchumbarru grant of Amma II
- Maliyapundi grant of Amma II
- Masulipatam plates of Amma II
- Padamkaluru grant of Amma II
- Vandram plates of Amma II
- Vemalurpadu plates of Amma II
- Yelavarru plates of Amma II
- Arumbaka plates of Badapa
- Mangallu grant of Amma II
- Sripundi plates of Tala II
- Tandikonda grant of Amma II
- Ranastipundi grant of Vimaladitya
- Kalidindi grant of Rajaraja I
- Korumelli plates of Rajaraja I
- Nandamapundi grant of Rajaraja Narendra
- Teki plates of Rajaraja-Chodaganga
- Chellur plates of Vira-Choda
Sources (10)
Kingdoms and empires
Western Chalukyas of Kalyani
Open page- Telangana: c. 973–1163 CE (c. 190 years)
Restored 973 (Korapolu, Medak district, inscription of Ahavamalla Taila II, April 973; earliest near Anumakonda Jammikunta 995). Held through feudatories (Kakatiyas, Polavasa chiefs, Kandur Chodas, Mudigonda chiefs) and the Kollipake (Kolanupaka) province under royal governors and princes; Taila III's death is recorded at Anumakonda in January 1163, when the Kakatiyas became sovereign
- Rayalaseema: c. 1000–1190 CE (c. 190 years)
11th-12th centuries in Anantapur (Vikramaditya VI's inscriptions at Gooty; records of 1113 and 1121), Kurnool (1122) and Tripurantakam (1122, 1126); a Chola chief governed Renadu (Cuddapah) under Vikramaditya VI in 1124; overthrown c. 1189 by the Hoysalas and Yadavas
- Coastal Andhra: c. 1118–1126 CE (c. 8 years)
Vengi: after the Chola viceroy Vikrama Chola left in 1118, Vikramaditya VI ruled "the Vengi 14000 country" (Sewell) through his general Anantapala; records at Draksharama 1120-1124; the Godavari gazetteer has him "undisputed king of Vengi" 1120-1124. Vikrama Chola was again supreme south of the Krishna by 1127. Earlier, only single records (Satyasraya at Chebrolu, 1006)
Rulers (11)
- Taila II (973–997 CE)
- Satyasraya (Chalukya of Kalyani) (c. 997–1008 CE)
- Vikramaditya V (Chalukya of Kalyani) (c. 1008–1015 CE)
- Jayasimha II (Western Chalukya) (c. 1015–1042 CE)
- Somesvara I (c. 1042–1068 CE)
- Somesvara II (Chalukya of Kalyani) (1068–1076 CE)
… and 5 more
Capitals
Inscriptions (9)
Sources (9)
Kingdoms and empires
Pallavas
Open page- Coastal Andhra: c. 250–630 CE (c. 380 years)
Krishna-Guntur, Ongole and Nellore. Prakrit grant of the crown prince Sivaskandavarman to his officer at Dhanyakataka (Amaravati), dated from about 234 (Sewell) or 250-275 (Jouveau-Dubreuil) to the first half of the 4th century (Sircar); Sanskrit grants of a Nellore-Guntur line (Omgodu, Uruvupalli, Pikira, Mangalur, Vilavatti, Chura) in the 5th and 6th centuries. Karmarashtra (Ongole-Bapatla) was Chalukya by about 630 (Kopparam plates of Pulakesin II). The Godavari gazetteer calls 200-615 a Pallava age, and IG Madras calls Vengi originally a Pallava province; Sircar found no evidence that the Pallavas held Vengi itself.
- Rayalaseema: c. 300–900 CE (c. 600 years)
Partial. Pallava frontier guards at Sriparvata (Kurnool) in the 4th century (Talagunda inscription; Sircar); Ganga kings of the Penukonda plates installed by Pallava kings (5th century); inscription of Paramesvaravarman II at Ulchala near Kurnool (728-29); Bana vassals in the Chittoor country under Nripatunga (9th century). The Cuddapah gazetteer has the Pallavas hold the eastern Cuddapah taluks for four centuries until the Chola Aditya I crippled them at the end of the 9th century. The Cuddapah gazetteer says the Pallavas of Kanchi pushed up the Penner from Nellore into north Cuddapah for a time and then ruled the eastern Cuddapah taluks for four centuries, until the Chola Aditya I crippled them at the end of the 9th century; Sewell gives a Pallava regnal-year record in Chittoor (864-65), with the Banas as Pallava vassals.
- Coastal Andhra: c. 670–750 CE (c. 80 years)
Southern Nellore only: grants of Paramesvaravarman I (Podili-Kandukur country, 687) and Narasimhavarman II (Revuru, Atmakur taluk, about 700-711), and a Tamil record of the 15th year of Nandipottarasar at Mallam (Gudur taluk), read as Pallava supremacy (Nellore gazetteer, 1942) or as Pallava rule under the Western Chalukyas (Butterworth and Venugopaul Chetty, 1905).
Rulers (18)
- Bappa (c. 225–250 CE)
- Sivaskandavarman (Pallava) (c. 250–275 CE)
- Vishnugopa of Kanchi (c. 325–350 CE)
- Kumaravishnu II (Pallava) (c. 425–450 CE)
- Skandavarman II (Pallava) (c. 450–475 CE)
- Simhavarman II (Pallava) (c. 500–525 CE)
… and 12 more
- Vijaya-Vishnugopavarman (Pallava) (c. 525–550 CE)
- Simhavishnu (c. 575–600 CE)
- Mahendravarman I (c. 600–630 CE)
- Narasimhavarman I (c. 630–668 CE)
- Mahendravarman II (c. 668–670 CE)
- Paramesvaravarman I (c. 670–690 CE)
- Narasimhavarman II (c. 690–715 CE)
- Nandivarman II Pallavamalla (c. 717–779 CE)
- Dantivarman (Pallava) (c. 779–830 CE)
- Nandivarman III (c. 830–854 CE)
- Nripatunga (Pallava) (c. 854–880 CE)
- Aparajita (c. 880–900 CE)
Capitals
Inscriptions (14)
Sources (19)
Kingdoms and empires
Cholas of Tanjore
Open page- Rayalaseema: c. 985–1268 CE (c. 283 years)
Rajaraja I (from 982/985) claims Nulambapadi and had the Vaidumbas of Cuddapah as feudatories. Chola inscriptions in Kurnool are dated 1108 and 1123. The east of Cuddapah (Pottapi-nadu) stayed under Chola suzerainty through the Telugu Chodas until Rajendra III's death in 1268. IG Madras has Cuddapah Chola from the 11th to the 13th century.
- Coastal Andhra: c. 999–1135 CE (c. 136 years)
Overlords of the Eastern Chalukya kings from 999; Kulottunga I's sons ruled Vengi as viceroys 1077-1118; Vengi was lost to the Western Chalukyas after Vikrama-Chola left in 1118, and his records reappear at Chebrolu (1127) and Nidubrolu (1135). Nellore stayed under Chola suzerainty into the 13th century (IG Madras)
- Coastal Andhra: c. 1135–1264 CE (c. 129 years)
Partial (Nellore). After Vengi was lost, Nellore stayed under the Cholas until their 13th-century decline: Rajaraja III is recognised there in 1237 and Rajendra III in 1253, with the Telugu Choda chiefs ruling locally as their vassals. A Tamil record at Punjulurupadu, in the Gudur country, is still dated in the 20th year of Rajendra III, Saka 1185 (1263-64).
Rulers (14)
- Rajaraja I (Chola) (985–1016 CE)
- Rajendra I (Chola) (1012–1043 CE)
- Rajadhiraja I (Chola) (1018–1052 CE)
- Rajendradeva (1052–1063 CE)
- Virarajendra (Chola) (1063–1070 CE)
- Adhirajendra (1070 CE)
Capitals
Inscriptions (10)
Sources (9)
Kingdoms and empires
Kotas of Dharanikota
Open page- Coastal Andhra: c. 1100–1276 CE (c. 176 years)
Partial (the Six-thousand country, Konnatavadi, south of the Krishna about Amaravati–Dharanikota and the Sattenapalle taluk). Line from Bhima I (c. 1100, Sewell); Keta II from about 1182; subdued by the Kakatiya Rudradeva about 1185 and thereafter Kakatiya subordinates and relatives by marriage (Ganapamba, widow of Kota Beta, ruled in the 1250s); last record of a Kota Rudra 1275–76.
Rulers
Capitals
Inscriptions
Sources (5)
Kingdoms and empires
Eastern Gangas of Kalinga
Open page- Coastal Andhra: c. 537–1434 CE (c. 897 years)
Partial: only the far north coast (the old Ganjam and Vizagapatam districts, now Srikakulam-Vizianagaram- Visakhapatnam), capital Kalinganagara (Mukhalingam). Earliest dated grant: Jirjingi, near Tekkali, Ganga year 39 (c. 537 on Mirashi's epoch of 498; Fleet put the early grants in the 7th century and Sewell used an epoch of 877-78; the Imperial Gazetteer, the 7th century). Later line in power from the end of the 9th century (Vizagapatam gazetteer): Vajrahasta III crowned 1038; Anantavarman Chodaganga 1078-1146, with records at Mukhalingam, Srikurmam, Simhachalam and Visakhapatnam. South of the Godavari only records and raids (Draksharama 1128-1274; Bendapudi). Ended 1434, when the minister Kapilesvara founded the Gajapati line
Rulers (15)
- Vajrahasta III (Eastern Ganga) (1038–1070 CE)
- Rajaraja I (Eastern Ganga) (1070–1078 CE)
- Anantavarman Chodaganga (c. 1078–1146 CE)
- Madhu-Kamarnava (Eastern Ganga) (c. 1146–1152 CE)
- Raghava (c. 1152–1166 CE)
- Rajaraja II (Eastern Ganga) (c. 1166–1192 CE)
… and 9 more
- Aniyanka-Bhima (Eastern Ganga) (c. 1192–1202 CE)
- Anangabhima III (Eastern Ganga) (c. 1219–1253 CE)
- Narasimha I (Eastern Ganga) (c. 1253–1256 CE)
- Bhanudeva I (Eastern Ganga) (c. 1256–1275 CE)
- Narasimha II (Eastern Ganga) (c. 1275–1306 CE)
- Bhanudeva II (Eastern Ganga) (c. 1306–1323 CE)
- Narasimha III (Eastern Ganga) (c. 1323–1346 CE)
- Bhanudeva III (Eastern Ganga) (c. 1346–1378 CE)
- Narasimha IV (Eastern Ganga) (c. 1378–1397 CE)
Capitals
Monuments
Inscriptions (8)
Sources (10)
Kingdoms and empires
Haihayas of Kona and Palnadu
Open page- Coastal Andhra: c. 1073–1364 CE (c. 291 years)
Partial. Kona chiefs of Konamandala (the Godavari delta, Amalapuram taluk), with records at Draksharama and Palakol from Saka 995 (1073) to 1364–65, dependent on the Chola–Chalukya kings and the Velanati Chodas, later on the Kakatiyas; Haihaya chiefs of the Chagi family in the Palnadu (Macherla 1111, Gurazala 1129) as feudatories of the Chalukyas of Kalyani; the Palnadu war of the ballads is undated (proposals 1080–1386).
Rulers
Inscriptions
Sources (5)
Kingdoms and empires
Telugu Chodas of Pottapi and Nellore
Open page- Coastal Andhra: c. 1106–1316 CE (c. 210 years)
Konidena branch in the Guntur country from 1106 to about 1150; the main line at Nellore (Vikramasimhapura) from Tammusiddhi's anointment in 1205-06, under the Cholas and then the Kakatiyas, who restored Manumasiddhi II; held Kanchi under Tikka I (1209/1223-1248/1250) and Manmasiddhi III. Last date 1316 (Sewell); the Nellore gazetteer finds no Telugu Choda record in Nellore after 1305.
- Rayalaseema: c. 1120–1268 CE (c. 148 years)
Pottapinadu (Pullampet country of Cuddapah), seat of the Madhurantaka Pottapi-Cholas under the Chola emperors: Betta 1120-21, Vimaladitya c. 1125; Pottapi remained their seat until Tikka I moved to Nellore; Manumasiddhi II recorded at Pottapi 1258-59; the country passed to the Kayastha Ambadeva after 1268.
Rulers
Capitals
Inscriptions
Sources (5)
Kingdoms and empires
Velanati Chodas
Open page- Coastal Andhra: c. 1118–1209 CE (c. 91 years)
Chiefs of Velanadu (the Chandavolu country, western Krishna delta), officers of Kulottunga I from 1076 (Gonka I at Chebrolu); Choda (Rajendra Choda I), adopted by Kulottunga, governed Vengi from between 1100 and 1112 and went over to Vikramaditya VI when the Chola viceroy left in 1118. Gonka II claimed rule from Kalahasti to the Mahendra mountain; Rajendra Choda II (1163–1181) held the coast from Darsi to Simhachalam after 1172 (Parabrahma Sastry). Last ruler Prithvisvara (1186; last record 1206); Velanadu Kakatiya by 1209.
Rulers
Capitals
Inscriptions
Sources (7)
Kingdoms and empires
Telugu Cholas of Renadu
Open page- Rayalaseema: c. 550–800 CE (c. 250 years)
Renandu, the country between the Chitravati and the Cheyyeru (most of Cuddapah, parts of Kolar and Chittoor; Sewell: Cuddapah and Kurnool), with capitals at Chippili and Malepadu. Undated records placed by EI XXVII between the later 6th and the end of the 8th century (Nandivarman c. 550, Punyakumara c. 625); Krishna Sastri (1912) and Narasimhaswami (1956) put Punyakumara near 800 and about 740. A collateral line at Budili lasted to Srikantha, c. 850.
Rulers (9)
- Nandivarman (Telugu Chola) (c. 550–575 CE)
- Dhananjaya (Telugu Chola) (c. 575–600 CE)
- Mahendravikrama (Telugu Chola) (c. 600–625 CE)
- Punyakumara (c. 625–650 CE)
- Vikramaditya I (c. 650–675 CE)
- Saktikumara (c. 675–700 CE)
Capitals
Inscriptions (7)
- Kalamalla inscription of Erikal Muturaju Dhananjaya
- Erragudipadu inscription of Erikal-Mutturaju
- Malepadu plates of Punyakumara
- Tippaluru inscription of Punyakumara
- Malepadu stone inscription of Satyaditya
- Dommara-Nandyala plates of Punyakumara
… and 1 more
Sources (4)
Kingdoms and empires
Banas
Open page- Rayalaseema: c. 700–915 CE (c. 215 years)
Partial (the Chittoor hills between Kolar and Kalahasti, with Punganur and Kalahasti among their chief towns; north Cuddapah in the late 9th century). Brackenbury says the Bana kingdom was set up early in the 8th century and was acknowledged in north Cuddapah by 884, before the Banas became feudatories of the Chola Parantaka I (907-940). Five Bana records at Gudimallam (Venkayya 1912) show them as subordinates of the Pallava kings of Kanchi. Sewell and Sircar trace the Banas of North Arcot and Chittoor back to the 4th century. The Nolamba Mahendra attacked their country of Pulinadu, round Punganur, in the later 9th century.
Rulers
- Vijayaditya (under Dantivarman) (c. 820–830 CE)
- Vikramaditya I Jayameru (Bana) (c. 850–880 CE)
- Vijayaditya II Prabhumeru (Bana) (c. 880–910 CE)
- Vikramaditya II (Bana) (c. 910–921 CE)
Inscriptions
Sources (6)
Kingdoms and empires
Hoysalas
Open page- Rayalaseema: c. 1178–1342 CE (c. 164 years)
Partial (south and west Anantapur: Hemavati, Madakasira, Penukonda, Gooty claim; Rayachoti taluk in the later 13th century). A record at Parigi (Hindupur taluk) of Saka 1100 (1178) shows Ballala II ruling at Dorasamudra; he took Nolambavadi, and his inscription of 1205-06 is at Hemavati. A record at Kodigepalle of 1328 shows Ballala III's minister ruling at Penugonda. Ballala III's inscriptions in Anantapur district run from 1317 through 1320 and 1323 to 1340. He was killed fighting the Sultan of Madurai on 8 September 1342.
Rulers
- Ballala II (Hoysala) (1173–1220 CE)
- Narasimha II (1220–1235 CE)
- Somesvara (Hoysala) (1233–1254 CE)
- Narasimha III (1254–1291 CE)
- Ballala III (Hoysala) (1291–1342 CE)
- Ballala IV (Hoysala) (1342–1343 CE)
Capitals
Sources (6)
Kingdoms and empires
Vaidumbas
Open page- Rayalaseema: c. 750–1000 CE (c. 250 years)
Partial (south Anantapur, Rayachoti, Madanapalle; Kamalapuram by 975). Brackenbury says the Vaidumbas ruled from very early times and reached Rayachoti taluk by the 8th century; Panchamukhi (EI XXIV) thought they grew strong only in the 9th century, after the Banas, and then took the Renandu Seven Thousand country. They fought beside the Banas at Soremati (dated about 877-78 by Sewell, about 885 by Panchamukhi, 900 by Brackenbury). After Krishna III died they were the apparent sovereign as far north as Kamalapuram taluk (975-976), and they became Chola feudatories under Rajaraja I. They stayed Chola feudatories at Rayachoti until at least 1102.
Rulers
- Manuja-Trinetra (c. 860–880 CE)
- Ganda-Trinetra (Vaidumba) (c. 880–900 CE)
- Sandaiyan Tiruvaiyan (c. 940–965 CE)
Sources (3)
Kingdoms and empires
Nolamba-Pallavas
Open page- Rayalaseema: c. 750–974 CE (c. 224 years)
Partial (Anantapur: Hemavati, Gooty, Madakasira, Kambaduru, Hindupur; Kaniyakal in Rayadrug). Nolambavadi, a province covering most of Anantapur, was ruled by the Nolambas, a Pallava branch and feudatories of the Rashtrakutas. Henjeru (Hemavati) was their capital (Krishna Sastri 1910). Dated records: Hindupur 853, Kambaduru 883 and 965 (Rangacharya). The Anantapur gazetteer says 8th to 10th centuries; the Bellary gazetteer says from the mid-7th century for three centuries. The Ganga Marasimha crushed them about 970-974.
Sources (6)
Where historians disagree
These questions are still open. Each line links to the section of the page that gives both sides with their sources. They are useful for essay answers.
- Bhandarkar and Sewell took Gunaga-Vijayaditya III to have occupied the Rashtrakuta capital Malkhed, while other readings of the same claims make him a Rashtrakuta vassal. Rashtrakutas of Malkhed
- Most writers date Rajaraja Chola's conquest of Vengi to about 997–99, but Fleet in 1891 thought the claim was only a title of honour. Cholas of Tanjore
- Burnell placed the Telugu Mahabharata in the 12th century, while the Kistna district manual says Nannaya flourished at Rajahmundry in the 11th. Vengi (Pedavegi)
- Some writers placed the poet Nannechoda a century before Nannaya, but Pingali Lakshmikantam placed him after 1100. Telugu literature, age by age
- The Chalukya "Tailapa" whom the Kakatiya Prola II captured was King Taila III for Fleet, but the prince Kumara Tailapa for Parabrahma Sastry. Western Chalukyas of Kalyani
Practise
For teachers
Lesson outline
Period 1: A coast and an interior (40 minutes)
Read the first three sections of the era page (15 minutes). Draw two columns on the board, the coast and the interior, and fill in who ruled each. Then read the dynasty page's opening and ask how we know about these kings.
Read: Eastern Chalukyas & the Deccan powers → Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi
Period 2: Wars and marriages (40 minutes)
Read about the long wars with the Rashtrakutas, then the Chola conquest and the marriages that followed. Trace on the board how Rajaraja Narendra's son became the Chola emperor in 1070.
Read: Rashtrakutas of Malkhed → Cholas of Tanjore → Rajaraja Narendra → Kulottunga I
Period 3: Telugu enters writing and literature (40 minutes)
Read the section "Telugu enters writing and literature" on the era page. Then read about the Addanki verse, Nannaya and Pampa. End with the timeline activity below.
Read: Eastern Chalukyas & the Deccan powers → Addanki inscription of Pandaranga → Nannaya → Pampa (Adi Pampa)
Activities
- Map work: mark Pedavegi, Rajahmundry, Malkhed and Vemulavada. Which were capitals on the coast, which inland, and which powers fought over the land between them? The Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi · The Rashtrakutas and the Telugu country
- Read a real inscription: look at this ink copy of the Addanki inscription of Pandaranga and its caption. Find on the inscription page what its opening verse tells us about Telugu poetry. "Addanki Stone Inscription of Pandaranga" (Epigraphia Indica XIX, plate (PDF p. 368)) · Addanki inscription of Pandaranga
- Make a timeline of early written Telugu from the pages: the Kalamalla pillar, the Addanki verse, the Kurkyal verses and Nannaya's Mahabharata. Write who made each one. Language & literature · Chalukyas of Vemulavada
- Short debate: did Gunaga-Vijayaditya III sack Malkhed, or was he a Rashtrakuta vassal? One side uses Sewell's view and the other Hultzsch's, as the era page gives them. Eastern Chalukyas & the Deccan powers
Discussion questions
Every question can be answered from the page linked after it.
- Who founded the Eastern Chalukya dynasty, and how was he related to Pulakesin II? (Answer on: Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi)
- What did the Chinese pilgrim Hiuen Tsang say about the kingdom, according to the Godavari gazetteer? (Answer on: Eastern Chalukyas & the Deccan powers)
- Which three western powers held the interior of the Deccan, one after another? (Answer on: Eastern Chalukyas & the Deccan powers)
- How did marriages bring the Eastern Chalukyas and the Cholas together, and what followed in 1070? (Answer on: Eastern Chalukyas & the Deccan powers)
- Why is the Addanki inscription important for the history of Telugu poetry? (Answer on: Addanki inscription of Pandaranga)
- At whose court did Nannaya write, and who finished the Telugu Mahabharata after him? (Answer on: Nannaya)
- What do the later grants claim about Vijayaditya II's battles and temples? (Answer on: Vijayaditya II Narendra-mrigaraja)
- Who was Pampa, and why did Venkataramanayya place his patron in Telangana? (Answer on: Pampa (Adi Pampa))